LDL-C: The Only Causal Risk Factor for ASCVD. Why Is It Still Overlooked and Underestimated?

Abstract

Purpose of review: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the most important causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This article reviews why LDL-C remains overlooked and underestimated despite numerous studies that have proved its role.

Recent findings: Recently published EAS/ESC Guidelines for dyslipidemia and EAS Guidelines for prevention set new targets for LDL-C levels in primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. These guidelines are based on data from large studies and meta-analyzes that have shown that lower LDL-C also means lower cardiovascular event rates. Real-life experience published in registries worldwide has shown us that the guidelines have not been translated to everyday clinical practice, meaning that a significant number of patients are undertreated and have LDL-C levels well above target. Potential reasons for the abovementioned are poor adherence and education of the patient and physician and health care system related factors. Implementation of the latest version of guidelines will require continuous patient and physicians education, as well as a shared decision-making process between physician and patient.

Keywords: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; lipid-lowering therapy; patient adherence.