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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2022 Sep;212(Pt D):113564.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113564. Epub 2022 May 28.

Carbon dioxide rises beyond acceptable safety levels in children under nose and mouth covering: Results of an experimental measurement study in healthy children

Harald Walach  1 , Helmut Traindl  2 , Juliane Prentice  3 , Ronald Weikl  4 , Andreas Diemer  5 , Anna Kappes  6 , Stefan Hockertz  7
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Carbon dioxide rises beyond acceptable safety levels in children under nose and mouth covering: Results of an experimental measurement study in healthy children

Harald Walach et al. Environ Res. 2022 Sep.

Abstract

Nose and mouth covering (NMC) has been made compulsory for children in many countries during the Covid-19 pandemic. We wanted to determine the average CO2 levels in inhaled air with NMC in children between age 6 and 17. We used short term measurements under surgical masks and FFP2 masks according to European norm EN 149, compared to baseline in an experimental, intra-individually controlled study over 25 min. CO2 content was measured every 15 s using an automated dual-wavelength infrared CO2 measurement device (G100, Geotech, Leamington Spa, UK) over 25 min in a short-term experimental setting, with children seated. After baseline measurement children were provided with two types of commonly worn NMC: surgical masks and FFP2--masks in randomized sequence for 3 min each. We kept ambient CO2-levels below 1000 parts per million (ppm) through frequent ventilation. We measured breathing frequency and pulse as potential physiological moderator variables. Forty-five children, 25 boys, 20 girls, with a mean age of 10.7 years (standard deviation 2.6) were measured. We measured 13,100 ppm (SD 380) under surgical mask and 13,900 ppm (SD 370) under FFP2 mask in inhaled air. A linear model with age as a covariate showed a highly significant effect of the condition (p < 1*10-9). We measured 2,700 ppm (SD 100) CO2 at pre-baseline and 2,800 ppm (SD 100) at post-baseline, a non-significant small difference. Appropriate contrasts revealed that the change was due to the masks only and the difference between the two types of masks was small and not significant. Wearing of NMC (surgical masks or FFP2- -masks) raises CO2 content in inhaled air quickly to a very high level in healthy children in a seated resting position that might be hazardous to children's health.

Keywords: Breathing; CO(2); Carbon dioxide; Children; Covid-19; Face masks; Randomized study.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Helmut Traindl reports financial support was provided by MWGFD. Harald Walach, Ronald Weikl and Andreas Diemer are members of MWGFD

Figures

Image 1
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Scatterplot of CO2 content in inhaled air under FFP2 mask vs. Age with locally weighted scatterplot smoother to demonstrate approximate linearity.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Average carbon dioxide content (vol%) in inhaled air during baseline (no mask) and after 6 min breathing under a surgical and a FFP2 mask; results of a linear model with age as covariate.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

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