Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Jun;36(2):231-249.
doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2022.01.003. Epub 2022 Feb 1.

COVID-19 Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations

R Alfonso Hernandez Acosta  1 , Zerelda Esquer Garrigos  2 , Jasmine R Marcelin  3 , Prakhar Vijayvargiya  4
Affiliations
Review

COVID-19 Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations

R Alfonso Hernandez Acosta et al. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2022 Jun.

Abstract

In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the virology, the host-pathogen interactions and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 in humans. We also describe the various clinical presentations of the disease including respiratory system and extrapulmonary manifestations.

Keywords: COVID-19; Clinical manifestations; Pathogenesis; SARS-CoV-2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection, their correlation with clinical symptoms and potential therapies that have been identified.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Timeline of mild and severe COVID-19 and its correlation with viral activity and clinical manifestations.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its role in pathogenesis.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Timeline of immune response and viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infection. (A) Perfect example generic infection. (B) Average SARS-CoV-2 infection. (C) Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Sawicki S.G., Sawicki D.L. Coronavirus transcription: a perspective. Coronavirus Replication Reverse Genet. 2005;287:31–55. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tabatabaeizadeh S.A. Airborne transmission of COVID-19 and the role of face mask to prevent it: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res. 2021;26(1):1. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review. Annals of Internal Medicine: vol 173, No 5. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-3012 Available at: Accessed November 8, 2021. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vijayvargiya P., Esquer Garrigos Z., Castillo Almeida N.E., et al. Treatment considerations for COVID-19: a critical review of the evidence (or Lack Thereof) Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(7):1454–1466. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Frampton D., Rampling T., Cross A., et al. Genomic characteristics and clinical effect of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in London, UK: a whole-genome sequencing and hospital-based cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(9):1246–1256. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types