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Review
. 2020 Sep 7;8(8):CD012081.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012081.pub3.

Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy

Rosa Michaelis  1 , Venus Tang  2   3 , Sarah J Nevitt  4 , Janelle L Wagner  5 , Avani C Modi  6 , William Curt LaFrance Jr  7 , Laura H Goldstein  8 , Milena Gandy  9 , Rebecca Bresnahan  10 , Kette Valente  11 , Kirsten A Donald  12 , Markus Reuber  13
Affiliations
Review

Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy

Rosa Michaelis et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract
in English, Korean, Persian, French, Spanish

Background: Given the significant impact epilepsy may have on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of individuals with epilepsy and their families, there is increasing clinical interest in evidence-based psychological treatments, aimed at enhancing psychological and seizure-related outcomes for this group. This is an updated version of the original Cochrane Review published in Issue 10, 2017.

Objectives: To assess the impact of psychological treatments for people with epilepsy on HRQOL outcomes.

Search methods: For this update, we searched the following databases on 12 August 2019, without language restrictions: Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), which includes randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials from the Specialized Registers of Cochrane Review Groups including Epilepsy, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 09 August 2019), and PsycINFO (EBSCOhost, 1887 onwards), and from PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We screened the references from included studies and relevant reviews, and contacted researchers in the field for unpublished studies.

Selection criteria: We considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs for this review. HRQOL was the main outcome. For the operational definition of 'psychological treatments', we included a broad range of skills-based psychological treatments and education-only interventions designed to improve HRQOL, seizure frequency and severity, as well as psychiatric and behavioral health comorbidities for adults and children with epilepsy. These psychological treatments were compared to treatment as usual (TAU), an active control group (such as social support group), or antidepressant pharmacotherapy.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.

Main results: We included 36 completed RCTs, with a total of 3526 participants. Of these studies, 27 investigated skills-based psychological interventions. The remaining nine studies were education-only interventions. Six studies investigated interventions for children and adolescents, three studies investigated interventions for adolescents and adults, and the remaining studies investigated interventions for adults. Based on satisfactory clinical and methodological homogeneity, we pooled data from 11 studies (643 participants) that used the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) or other QOLIE inventories (such as QOLIE-89 or QOLIE-31-P) convertible to QOLIE-31. We found significant mean changes for the QOLIE-31 total score and six subscales (emotional well-being, energy and fatigue, overall QoL, seizure worry, medication effects, and cognitive functioning). The mean changes in the QOLIE-31 total score (mean improvement of 5.23 points, 95% CI 3.02 to 7.44; P < 0.001), and the overall QoL score (mean improvement of 5.95 points, 95% CI 3.05 to 8.85; P < 0.001) exceeded the threshold of minimally important change (MIC: total score: 4.73 points; QoL score: 5.22 points), indicating a clinically meaningful postintervention improvement in HRQOL. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence provided by the meta-analysis due to serious risks of bias in some of the included studies. Consequently, these results provided moderate-certainty evidence that psychological treatments for adults with epilepsy may enhance overall HRQOL.

Authors' conclusions: Implications for practice: Skills-based psychological interventions improve HRQOL in adults and adolescents with epilepsy. Adjunctive use of skills-based psychological treatments for adults and adolescents with epilepsy may provide additional benefits in HRQOL when these are incorporated into patient-centered management. We judge the evidence to be of moderate certainty.

Implications for research: Investigators should strictly adhere to the CONSORT guidelines to improve the quality of reporting on their interventions. A thorough description of intervention protocols is necessary to ensure reproducibility. When examining the effectiveness of psychological treatments for people with epilepsy, the use of standardized HRQOL inventories, such as the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventories (QOLIE-31, QOLIE-31-P, and QOLIE-89) would increase comparability. Unfortunately, there is a critical gap in pediatric RCTs and RCTs including people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities. Finally, in order to increase the overall quality of RCT study designs, adequate randomization with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment should be pursued. As attrition is often high in research that requires active participation, an intention-to-treat analysis should be carried out. Treatment fidelity and treatment competence should also be assessed. These important dimensions, which are related to 'Risk of bias' assessment, should always be reported.

배경: 간질이 간질을 가진 개인과 그 가족의 건강 관련 삶의 질(HRQOL)에 상당한 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 점을 고려할 때, 이 집단의 심리적 및 발작 관련 결과 제고를 목적으로 하는 근거 기반 심리치료에 대한 임상적 관심이 증가하고 있다. 이것은 2017년 이슈 10에 게재된 오리지널 코크란 리뷰의 업데이트 버전이다. 목적: 간질을 가진 사람들의 심리 치료법이 HRQOL 결과에 미치는 영향을 평가한다. 검색 전략: 이 업데이트를 위해 언어 제한 없이 2019년 8월 12일에 다음 데이터베이스를 검색했다. CRS 웹(Cochrane Register of Studies, CRS Web)은 간질, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials(중앙), MEDLINE(Ovid, 1946년 ~ 2019년 8월) 및 PycINFO(EBSCO 호스트, 1887년)를 포함한 코크란 검토 그룹의 전문 레지스터에서 무작위 또는 준 무작위 관리 시험을 포함한다.inicalTrials.gov 및 세계보건기구(WHO) 국제임상시험 등록 플랫폼(ICTRP). 포함된 연구와 관련 리뷰의 참고자료를 선별하고, 미발표 연구를 위해 해당 분야의 연구자에게 연락했다. 선정 기준: 이 검토를 위해 무작위 대조 시험(RCT)과 준 RCT를 고려했다. HRQOL이 주된 결과였다. '정신적 치료'의 운영적 정의를 위해, HRQOL, 발작 빈도 및 중증도를 개선하기 위해 고안된 광범위한 기술 기반의 심리 치료와 교육 전용 중재, 그리고 간질을 앓고 있는 성인과 어린이들을 위한 정신과 행동 건강 이상 등을 포함시켰다. 이러한 심리 치료는 평상시와 같은 치료법(TAU), 능동적인 통제집단(사회지원집단 등), 또는 항우울제 약리치료법과 비교되었다. 자료 수집 및 분석: 코크란이 기대하는 표준 방법론적 절차를 사용했다. 주요 결과: 총 3526명의 참가자와 함께 36개의 완성된 RCT를 포함했다. 이들 연구 중 27개 연구팀이 기술 기반의 심리 중재를 조사했다. 나머지 9개 연구는 교육 전용 중재였다. 아동·청소년의 중재를 조사한 연구도 6건, 청소년·성인의 중재를 조사한 연구도 3건, 성인의 중재를 조사한 연구도 남아 있었다. 만족스러운 임상 및 방법론적 동질성을 바탕으로 간질 31(QOLIE‐31) 또는 QOLIE‐31로 전환된 다른 QOLIE 재고(QOLIE‐89 또는 QOLIE‐31‐P)를 사용한 11개 연구(643명 참여자)의 데이터를 취합했다. QOLIE‐31 총점과 6개 항목별 판매(감정 웰빙, 에너지 및 피로, 전체 QoL, 발작 우려, 약물 효과, 인지 기능)에 대한 평균적인 변화를 발견했다. QOLIE‐31 총점(5.23점, 95% CI 3.02~7.44점, P < 0.001점), 전체 QoL 점수(5.95점, 95% CI 3.05~8.85점, P < 0.001)의 평균 변동은 최소 중요 변화 한계치(MIC: 총점)를 초과했다. 4.73점, QoL 점수: 5.22점))는 HRQOL의 임상적으로 의미 있는 사후 중재 개선을 나타낸다. 포함된 일부 연구에서 편향의 심각한 위험 때문에 메타분석이 제공하는 근거의 확실성을 하향조정했다. 결과적으로, 이러한 결과는 간질을 가진 성인에 대한 심리치료가 전반적인 HRQOL을 향상시킬 수 있다는 중간 정도의 확실성 근거를 제공했다. 연구진 결론: 실무에 대한 의미: 기술 기반의 심리적 중재는 간질을 가진 성인과 청소년의 HRQOL을 개선한다. 간질이 있는 성인과 청소년을 위한 기술기반 심리치료의 부수적 사용은 환자 중심의 관리에 통합될 때 HRQOL에서 추가적인 혜택을 제공할 수 있다. 그 근거가 어느 정도 확실하다고 판단한다. 연구에 대한 시사점: 수사관들은 그들의 중재에 대한 보고의 질을 향상시키기 위해 연방 수사국 지침을 엄격히 준수해야 한다. 재현성을 확보하기 위해서는 중재 프로토콜에 대한 철저한 설명이 필요하다. 간질 환자 심리치료의 효과를 조사할 때, 간질재고(QOLIE‐31, QOLIE‐31‐P, QOLIE‐89)와 같은 표준화된 HRQOL 재고를 사용하면 비교가능성이 높아질 것이다. 불행히도 간질과 지적장애를 가진 사람들을 포함한 소아 RCT와 RCT에는 심각한 격차가 있다. 마지막으로, RCT 연구 설계의 전반적인 품질을 높이기 위해서는 할당 은폐 및 블라인드 결과 평가를 통한 적절한 무작위화가 추진되어야 한다. 적극적인 참여가 필요한 연구에서는 소모가 높은 경우가 많으므로 치료의향 분석을 실시해야 한다. 치료 충실도와 치료 능력도 평가해야 한다. '비뚤림의 위험' 평가와 관련된 이러한 중요한 차원은 항상 보고되어야 한다.

پیشینه: با توجه به تاثیر عمده بیماری صرع بر کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت (health‐related quality of life; HRQOL) افراد مبتلا به صرع و خانواده‌های آنها، علاقه بالینی به درمان‌های روانشناختی مبتنی بر شواهد، با هدف بهبود پیامد‌های روانشناختی و مرتبط با تشنج، برای این گروه، رو به افزایش است. این یک نسخه به‌روز‌ شده از مرور اصلی کاکرین است که در شماره 10، سال 2017 منتشر شده است. اهداف: ارزیابی تاثیر درمان‌های روانشناختی افراد مبتلا به صرع بر پیامد‌های HRQOL. روش‌های جست‌وجو: در 12 آگوست 2019، برای آخرین نسخه به‌روز، بانک‌های اطلاعاتی زیر را بدون اعمال محدودیت‌های زبانی جست‌وجو کردیم: پایگاه ثبت مطالعات کاکرین (CRS Web)، شامل مطالعات تصادفی‌سازی یا شبه‐تصادفی‌سازی شده و کنترل شده از پایگاه ثبت تخصصی گروه مرور کاکرین از جمله بیماری صرع، پایگاه ثبت مرکزی کارآزمایی‌های کنترل‌ شده کاکرین (CENTRAL)؛ MEDLINE؛ (Ovid؛ 1946 تا 09 آگوست 2019)؛ PsycINFO؛ (EBSCOhost؛ 1887 به بعد)؛ و از PubMed؛ Embase؛ ClinicalTrials.gov؛ و پلت‌فرم بین‌المللی پایگاه ثبت کارآزمایی‌های بالینی (ICTRP) سازمان جهانی بهداشت. منابع مربوط به مطالعات وارد شده و مرور‌های مرتبط را غربال کردیم و برای شناسایی مطالعات منتشر نشده با محققان این حوزه تماس گرفتیم. معیارهای انتخاب: کارآزمایی‌های تصادفی‌سازی و کنترل شده (randomised controlled trials; RCTs) و شبه‐RCTها را برای ورود به این مرور در نظر گرفتیم. پیامد اصلی HRQOL بود. برای تعریف عملی «درمان‌های روانشناختی»، طیف گسترده‌ای از درمان‌های مبتنی بر مهارت و مداخلات صرفا آموزشی طراحی شده برای بهبود HRQoL، فراوانی و شدت تشنج (seizure) و نیز اختلالات روانپزشکی و سلامت رفتاری برای بزرگسالان و کودکان مبتلا به صرع را در نظر گرفتیم. این درمان‌های روانشناختی، با درمان به‌طور معمول (treatment as usual; TAU)، و گروه کنترل فعال (مانند گروه حمایت اجتماعی)، یا دارو‌درمانی ضد‐افسردگی مقایسه شدند. گردآوری و تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها: از روش‌های استاندارد روش‌شناسی مورد انتظار کاکرین استفاده کردیم. نتایج اصلی: 36 RCT کامل شده، با مجموع 3526 شرکت‌کننده را وارد کردیم. از بین این مطالعات، 27 مطالعه مداخلات روانشناختی مبتنی بر مهارت را بررسی کردند. نه مطالعه باقیمانده فقط مداخلات مربوط به آموزش بودند. شش مطالعه، مداخلات مربوط به كودكان و نوجوانان، سه مطالعه مداخلات مربوط به نوجوانان و بزرگسالان و مطالعات دیگر مداخلات مربوط به بزرگسالان را مورد بررسی قرار دادند. بر مبنای همگنی روش‌شناسی و بالینی، داده‌های 11 مطالعه (643 شرکت‌کننده) را که از کیفیت زندگی در صرع ‐31 (QOLIE‐31) یا سایر پرسش‌نامه‌های QOLIE (مانند QOLIE‐89 یا QOLIE‐31‐P) قابل تبدیل به QOLIE‐31 استفاده کرده‌ بودند، تجمیع کردیم. میانگین تغییرات قابل توجهی را برای نمره کل QOLIE‐31 و شش مقیاس (بهزیستی (well‐being) عاطفی، انرژی و خستگی، QoL کلی، نگرانی تشنج، تاثیرات دارویی و عملکرد شناختی) یافتیم. میانگین تغییرات نمره کل QOLIE‐31 (میانگین بهبود 5.23 نمره؛ 95% CI؛ 3.02 تا 7.44؛ P <0.001) و QoL کلی (میانگین بهبود 5.95 نمره؛ 95% CI؛ 3.05 تا 8.85؛ P < 0.001) بیش از آستانه حداقل تغییرات مهم بود: (MIC: نمره کل: 4.73 امتیاز؛ نمره QoL: 5.22 امتیاز)، که نشان دهنده یک بهبود معنا‌دار بالینی در HRQOL بود. قطعیت شواهد ارائه شده در متاآنالیز (meta‐analysis) را به دلیل خطر جدی سوگیری (bias) در برخی مطالعات وارد شده، پائین درنظر گرفتیم. در‌نتیجه، این نتایج شواهدی با قطعیت متوسط ارائه کردند که نشان می‌داد درمان‌های روانشناختی برای بزرگسالان مبتلا به صرع ممکن است HRQOL کلی را در افراد مبتلا به صرع افزایش دهد. نتیجه‌گیری‌های نویسندگان: کاربردهای عملی: مداخلات روانشناختی مبتنی بر مهارت، HRQOL را در بزرگسالان و نوجوانان مبتلا به صرع بهبود می‌بخشد. استفاده کمکی از درمان‌های روانشناختی برای بزرگسالان و نوجوانان مبتلا به صرع ممکن است مزایای بیش‌تری برای HRQOL در افرادی فراهم‌ آورد که مدیریت بیمار‐محور را در نظر می‌گیرند. شواهد را دارای قطعیت متوسط قضاوت کردیم. کاربردهای تحقیقاتی: محققان باید دقیقا از دستورالعمل‌های CONSORT برای بهبود کیفیت گزارش‌های مربوط به مداخلات پیروی کنند. توصیف کامل پروتکل مداخله برای اطمینان از تکرار‌پذیری ضروری است. هنگام بررسی اثربخشی درمان‌های روانشناختی برای افراد مبتلا به صرع، استفاده از پرسش‌نامه استاندارد شده HRQOL؛ از جمله پرسش‌نامه کیفیت زندگی در صرع (QOLIE‐31؛ QOLIE‐31‐P و QOLIE‐89) قابلیت مقایسه را افزایش می‌دهد. متاسفانه یک شکاف جدی در RCTهای مربوط به کودکان و RCTهای افراد مبتلا به صرع و ناتوانی‌های فکری وجود دارد. در نهایت، به منظور افزایش کیفیت کلی طرح‌های مطالعاتی، در زمان انجام RCTها باید تصادفی‌سازی مناسب با پنهان‌سازی تخصیص و ارزیابی کورسازی شده پیامد پیگیری شوند. به دلیل این‌که در اغلب پژوهش‌هایی که نیاز به مشارکت فعال شرکت‌کننده دارند، ریزش نمونه (attrition) بالاست، یک آنالیز قصد درمان (intention‐to‐treat) باید انجام شود. تعهد به درمان و کفایت درمان نیز باید ارزیابی شود. این ابعاد مهم، که به ارزیابی «خطر سوگیری (bias)» مربوط می‌شوند، باید همیشه گزارش شوند.

Contexte: Étant donné l'impact significatif que l'épilepsie peut avoir sur la qualité de vie liée à la santé (QVLS) des personnes épileptiques et de leurs familles, il existe un intérêt clinique croissant pour les traitements psychologiques basés sur des données probantes visant à améliorer les critères de jugement psychologiques et liés aux crises pour ce groupe. Ceci est une version mise à jour de la revue Cochrane originale publiée dans le numéro 10, 2017.

Objectifs: Évaluer l'impact des traitements psychologiques pour les personnes épileptiques sur la QVLS. STRATÉGIE DE RECHERCHE DOCUMENTAIRE: Pour cette mise à jour, nous avons effectué des recherches dans les bases de données suivantes et sans restrictions de langues jusqu’au 12 août 2019: Le Registre Cochrane des études (CRS Web), qui comprend des essais contrôlés randomisés ou quasi randomisés provenant des registres spécialisés des groupes de revues Cochrane, dont celui sur l’épilepsie, le registre Cochrane des essais contrôlés (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid, de 1946 au 9 août 2019) et PsycINFO (EBSCOhost, à partir de 1887), ainsi que PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov et le Système d'enregistrement international des essais cliniques (ICTRP) de l'OMS. Nous avons examiné les références des études incluses et des revues pertinentes, et nous avons contacté des chercheurs dans le domaine pour des études non publiées. CRITÈRES DE SÉLECTION: Nous avons pris en compte les essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR) et les quasi‐ECR pour cette revue. La QVLS en a été le principal critère de jugement. Pour la définition opérationnelle de « traitement psychologiques », nous avons inclus un large éventail de traitements psychologiques basés sur les compétences, et d'interventions éducatives conçues pour améliorer la QVLS, la fréquence et la gravité des crises, ainsi que les comorbidités psychiatriques et comportementales pour les adultes et les enfants épileptiques. Ces traitements psychologiques ont été comparés au traitement habituel (TH), à un groupe témoin actif (tel qu'un groupe de soutien social) ou à une pharmacothérapie antidépressive. RECUEIL ET ANALYSE DES DONNÉES: Nous avons suivi les procédures méthodologiques standard définies par Cochrane. RÉSULTATS PRINCIPAUX: Nous avons inclus 36 ECR terminés, avec un total de 3 526 participants. Parmi ces études, 27 portaient sur des interventions psychologiques basées sur les compétences. Les neuf autres études étaient des interventions à caractère éducatif uniquement. Six études ont porté sur les interventions auprès des enfants et des adolescents, trois sur les interventions auprès des adolescents et des adultes, et les autres sur les interventions auprès des adultes. Sur la base d'une homogénéité clinique et méthodologique satisfaisante, nous avons mis en commun les données de 11 études (643 participants) qui ont utilisé le questionnaire sur la qualité de vie en cas d'épilepsie (QOLIE‐31) ou d'autres questionnaires QOLIE (tels que QOLIE‐89 ou QOLIE‐31‐P) convertibles en QOLIE‐31. Nous avons constaté des changements moyens significatifs pour le score total de QOLIE‐31 et pour six sous‐échelles (bien‐être émotionnel, énergie et fatigue, qualité de vie globale, inquiétudes liées aux crises, effets des médicaments et fonctionnement cognitif). Les changements moyens du score total de QOLIE‐31 (amélioration moyenne de 5,23 points, IC à 95 %, de 3,02 à 7,44 ; P < 0,001), et du score global de QV (amélioration moyenne de 5,95 points, IC à 95 %, de 3,05 à 8,85 ; P < 0,001) ont dépassé le seuil de changement important minimal (MIC) (MIC : score total : 4,73 points ; score de la qualité de vie: 5,22 points), ce qui indique une amélioration cliniquement significative de la qualité de vie liée à la santé après l'intervention. Nous avons déclassé le niveau de confiance des données probantes fournies par la méta‐analyse en raison de risques sérieux de biais dans certaines des études incluses. Par conséquent, la valeur probante de ces résultats était modérée à propos de l’amélioration de la qualité de vie globale chez les adultes épileptiques par les traitements psychologiques.

Conclusions des auteurs: Implications pour la pratique: Les interventions psychologiques basées sur les compétences améliorent la qualité de vie des adultes et des adolescents épileptiques. L'utilisation complémentaire de traitements psychologiques basés sur les compétences chez les adultes et les adolescents épileptiques pourrait apporter des avantages supplémentaires en matière de qualité de vie liée à la santé lorsque ceux‐ci sont intégrés dans une gestion centrée sur le patient. Nous estimons que le niveau de confiance des données probantes est modéré. Implications pour la recherche: Les enquêteurs doivent se conformer strictement aux recommandations CONSORT afin d'améliorer la qualité des rapports sur leurs interventions. Une description complète des protocoles d'intervention est nécessaire pour assurer la reproductibilité. Lors de l'examen de l'efficacité des traitements psychologiques pour les personnes souffrant d'épilepsie, l'utilisation de questionnaires standardisés sur la qualité de vie, tels que les questionnaires sur la qualité de vie dans l'épilepsie (QOLIE‐31, QOLIE‐31‐P et QOLIE‐89), permettrait d'accroître la comparabilité. Malheureusement, il existe une lacune importante dans les ECR pédiatriques et les ECR incluant les personnes souffrant d'épilepsie et de handicap intellectuel. Enfin, afin d'améliorer la qualité globale des plans d'étude des ECR, il convient de poursuivre une randomisation adéquate avec assignation secrète et évaluation des critères de jugement en aveugle. Comme le taux d'attrition est souvent élevé dans les recherches qui nécessitent une participation active, il convient de procéder à une analyse des intentions de traitement. La fidélité au traitement et la compétence en matière de traitement doivent également être évaluées. Ces dimensions importantes, qui sont liées à l'évaluation du « risque de biais », devraient toujours être signalées.

Antecedentes: Debido al impacto significativo que podría tener la epilepsia sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CdVRS) en los individuos con epilepsia y sus familias, hay un creciente interés clínico en los tratamientos psicológicos basados en evidencia, dirigidos a mejorar los desenlaces psicológicos y relacionados con las crisis para este grupo de personas. Esta es una versión actualizada de la revisión Cochrane original publicada en el número 10, 2017.

Objetivos: Evaluar los efectos de los tratamientos psicológicos para los pacientes con epilepsia en los resultados de la CdVRS. MÉTODOS DE BÚSQUEDA: Para esta actualización, se realizaron búsquedas en las siguientes bases de datos el 12 de agosto de 2019 sin restricciones de idioma: La Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web),que incluye ensayos controlados aleatorizados o cuasialeatorizados del registro especializado de los Grupos Cochrane de Revisión de Epilepsia, Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 a 9 de agosto de 2019), y PsycINFO (EBSCOhost, 1887 en adelante), y de PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov y la plataforma de registros internacionales de ensayos clínicos (ICTRP) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se examinaron las referencias de los estudios incluidos y las revisiones pertinentes, y se estableció contacto con los investigadores del tema para obtener estudios no publicados. CRITERIOS DE SELECCIÓN: Se consideraron los ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) y los ensayos controlados cuasialeatorizados para esta revisión. La CdVRS fue el desenlace principal. Para la definición operativa de “tratamientos psicológicos”, se incluyó un rango amplio de tratamientos psicológicos basados en habilidades e intervenciones solo educativas diseñadas para mejorar la CdVRS, la frecuencia y la gravedad de las crisis, y las comorbilidades psiquiátricas y conductuales para los adultos y los niños con epilepsia. Estos tratamientos psicológicos se compararon con el tratamiento habitual (TH), un grupo de control activo (como el grupo de apoyo social) o la farmacoterapia antidepresiva. OBTENCIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE LOS DATOS: Se utilizaron los procedimientos metodológicos estándares previstos por Cochrane.

Resultados principales: Se incluyeron 36 ECA completos con 3526 participantes. De estos, 27 estudios investigaron intervenciones psicológicas basadas en habilidades. Los nueve estudios restantes fueron intervenciones solo educativas. Seis estudios investigaron intervenciones para niños y adolescentes, tres estudios investigaron intervenciones para adolescentes y adultos, y los restantes investigaron intervenciones en adultos. De acuerdo con una homogeneidad clínica y metodológica satisfactoria, se agruparon los datos de 11 estudios (643 participantes) que utilizaron la escala para medir la calidad de vida en la epilepsia Quality of Life in Epilepsy‐31 (QOLIE‐31) u otros listados QOLIE (como el QOLIE‐89 o el QOLIE‐31‐P) convertibles a QOLIE‐31. Se encontraron cambios medios significativos para la puntuación total de la QOLIE‐31 y seis subescalas (bienestar emocional, energía y fatiga, CdV general, preocupación sobre la crisis, efectos de la medicación y función cognitiva). Los cambios medios en la puntuación total de la QOLIE‐31 (mejora media de 5,23 puntos, IC del 95%: 3,02 a 7,44; P < 0,001), y la puntuación global de la CdV (mejora media de 5,95 puntos, IC del 95%: 3,05 a 8,85; P < 0,001) superaron el umbral de cambio mínimo importante (CMI: puntuación total: 4,73 puntos; puntuación de CdV: 5,22 puntos), lo que indica una mejoría posintervención clínicamente significativa en la CdVRS. La certeza de la evidencia aportada por el metanálisis se redujo debido a riesgos graves de sesgo en algunos de los estudios incluidos. En consecuencia, estos resultados aportaron evidencia de certeza moderada de que los tratamientos psicológicos para los adultos con epilepsia pueden mejorar la CdVRS general.

Conclusiones de los autores: Implicaciones para la práctica: Las intervenciones psicológicas basadas en habilidades mejoran la CdVRS en adultos y adolescentes con epilepsia. El uso adyuvante de terapias psicológicas basadas en habilidades para los adultos y adolescentes con epilepsia podría proporcionar beneficios adicionales a la CdVRS cuando se incorporan a un tratamiento centrado en el paciente. Se consideró que la evidencia era de certeza moderada. Implicaciones para la investigación: Los investigadores deben adherirse estrictamente a las guías CONSORT para mejorar la calidad del informe sobre las intervenciones. Una descripción minuciosa de los protocolos de intervención es necesaria para asegurar la reproducibilidad. Cuando se examina la efectividad de los tratamientos psicológicos para los pacientes con epilepsia, el uso de listados estandarizados de CdVRS (QOLIE‐31, QOLIE‐31‐P, y QOLIE‐89) aumentaría la comparabilidad. Por desgracia, existe una laguna crítica en los ECA pediátricos y ECA que incluyen a personas con epilepsia y discapacidades intelectuales. Finalmente, para aumentar la calidad general de los diseños de estudio de ECA, debe aplicarse una asignación al azar adecuada con ocultación de la asignación y una evaluación de resultados cegada. Debido a que la deserción a menudo es alta en la investigación que requiere la participación activa, debe realizarse un análisis de intención de tratar. También deben evaluarse la fidelidad al tratamiento y la competencia del tratamiento. Estas importantes dimensiones, relacionadas con la evaluación del "riesgo de sesgo", deben ser siempre comunicadas.

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Conflict of interest statement

RM: Dr Michaelis receives funding from the internal grant program (project IFF 2020‐28) of the Faculty of Health at Witten/Herdecke University, Germany. Dr. Michaelis received a travel stipend from the ILAE to attend the 33rd International Epilepsy Congress in Bangkok Thailand (June 2019), during which the Task Force had a one‐day meeting also related to the discussion of this update.

VT: Dr Tang is the author of one of the primary studies included within this review. However, she does not receive any financial benefits from this treatment program. Moreover, she was not responsible for the extraction of data of her study for this review. She received travel stipends from the ILAE to attend the 31st International Epilepsy Congress in Istanbul Turkey (September 2015) and the 33rd International Epilepsy Congress in Bangkok Thailand (June 2019), during which the Task Force had one‐day meetings each related to the study.

SN: none known.

JW: Dr Wagner received travel stipends from the ILAE to attend the 31st International Epilepsy Congress in Istanbul Turkey (September 2015) and the 33rd International Epilepsy Congress in Bangkok Thailand (June 2019), during which the Task Force had one‐day meetings each related to the study.

AM: Dr Modi received research funding from NIH and was a consultant to Fish and Richardson regarding adherence to medications in adults with multiple sclerosis. She received travel stipends from the ILAE to attend the 31st International Epilepsy Congress in Istanbul Turkey (September 2015) and the 33rd International Epilepsy Congress in Bangkok Thailand (June 2019), during which the Task Force had one‐day meetings each related to the study.

WCL: Prof LaFrance works on this Cochrane project that addressed evidence‐based interventions for epilepsy reviewed by the ILAE committee. He received travel stipends from the ILAE to attend the 31st International Epilepsy Congress in Istanbul Turkey (September 2015) and the 33rd International Epilepsy Congress in Bangkok Thailand (June 2019), during which the Task Force had one‐day meetings each related to the study. Prof LaFrance receives author royalties for the seizure treatment book Taking Control of Your Seizures: Workbook, Oxford University Press, 2015. He studies evidence‐based non‐pharmacological interventions for people with seizures that are ethics committee‐approved and peer‐reviewed to address any potential bias.

LG: Prof Goldstein is co‐author of one of the primary studies included within this review. However, she does not receive any financial benefits from this treatment program. Moreover, she was not responsible for the extraction of data for this review. She has received honoraria for speaking, and educational activities not funded by industry; she receives royalties from the publication of Clinical Neuropsychology (Wiley, 2004, 2013) and The Clinical Psychologist's Handbook of EpilepsyCull 1997. This work represents independent research part‐funded by the NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author, and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.

MG: Dr Gandy is the author of one of the primary studies included within this review. However, she does not receive any financial benefits from this treatment program. Moreover, she was not responsible for the extraction of data for this review. Dr Gandy received a travel stipend from the ILAE to attend the 33rd International Epilepsy Congress in Bangkok Thailand (June 2019), during which the Task Force had a one‐day meeting also related to the discussion of this update.

RB: none known.

KV: none known.

KD: none known.

MR: Prof Reuber is responsible for developing and supervising a team of psychotherapists working in a clinical neurology department and provides treatment to people with epilepsy. He therefore has an interest in demonstrating the effectiveness of psychotherapy. However, this potential bias is outweighed by his interest in the development of evidence‐based treatments, encouraging him to assess the existing evidence as objectively and impartially as possible. He received a travel stipend from the ILAE to attend the 33rd International Epilepsy Congress in Bangkok Thailand (June 2019), during which the Task Force had a one‐day meeting also related to the discussion of this update.

Figures

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Study flow diagram.
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'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each 'risk of bias' domain presented as percentages across all included studies
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'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each 'risk of bias' domain for each included study
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Forest plot of comparison: 1 QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, outcome: 1.1 QOLIE‐31‐ total score.
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Forest plot of comparison: 1 QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, outcome: 1.2 QOLIE‐31 ‐ overall QoL subscale.
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Funnel plot of comparison: 1 QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, outcome: 1.1 QOLIE‐31‐ total score.
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Funnel plot of comparison: 1 QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, outcome: 1.2 QOLIE‐31 ‐ overall QoL subscale.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, Outcome 1: QOLIE‐31‐ total score
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, Outcome 2: QOLIE‐31 ‐ overall QoL subscale
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, Outcome 3: QOLIE‐31 ‐ energy and fatigue subscale
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, Outcome 4: QOLIE‐31 ‐ emotional well‐being subscale
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1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, Outcome 5: QOLIE‐31 ‐ seizure worry subscale
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, Outcome 6: QOLIE‐31 ‐ cognitive functioning subscale
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, Outcome 7: QOLIE‐31 ‐ medication effects subscale
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: QOLIE‐31‐ Comparison of mean change from baseline, Outcome 8: QOLIE‐31 ‐ social function subscale
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Au 2003 {published data only}
    1. Au A, Chan F, Li K, Leung P, Li P, Chan J. Cognitive-behavioral group treatment program for adults with epilepsy in Hong Kong. Epilepsy & Behavior 2003;4(4):441-6. [DOI: 10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00149-5] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Beretta 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Beretta S, Beghi E, Messina P, Gerardi F, Pescini F, La Licata A, et al. Comprehensive educational plan for patients with epilepsy and comorbidity (EDU-COM): a pragmatic randomised trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2014;85(8):889-94. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306553] [ISSN: 1468-330X 0022-3050] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Brown 2019 {published data only}
    1. Brown DM, Mahlberg N, Pohl D, Timmons BW, Bray SR, Streiner DL, et al. Can behavioral strategies increase physical activity and influence depressive symptoms and quality of life among children with epilepsy? Results of a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior 2019;94:158-66. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Caller 2016 {published data only}
    1. Caller T, Ferguson R, Roth R, Secore K, Alexandre F, Zhao W, et al. Self-management (HOBSCOTCH) improves cognition and quality of life in epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Neurology 2016;86(16 Supplement):Abstract no: S22.005.
    1. Caller TA, Ferguson RJ, Roth RM, Secore KL, Alexandre FP, Zhao W, et al. A cognitive behavioral intervention (HOBSCOTCH) improves quality of life and attention in epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2016;57(Part A):111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.01.024] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Caller TA, Secore KL, Ferguson RJ, Roth RM, Alexandre FP, Kleen J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of hobscotch: a self-management intervention for cognitive impairment in epilepsy. Epilepsy Currents 2015;15(Suppl 1):39, Abstract no: 1.086. [ISSN: 1535-7597]
    1. Jobst B, Caller T, Ferguson R, Roth R, Secore K, Alexandre F, et al. A cognitive-behavioral intervention (Hobscotch) improves quality of life and attention in epilepsy: a pilot study. Epilepsia 2016;57(Suppl 2):28, Abstract no: 0063. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13609] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Streltzov N, Schimdt S, Zhao W, Roth R, Secore K, Schommer L, et al. Improving quality of life in epilepsy: replication and generalizability of an epilepsy self-management and cognitive training program (HOBSCOTCH). Neurology 2017;88(16 Suppl):Abstract no: S55.003.
Ciechanowski 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Chaytor N, Ciechanowski P, Miller JW, Fraser R, Russo J, Unutzer J, et al. Long-term outcomes from the PEARLS randomised trial for the treatment of depression in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2011;20(3):545-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.01.017] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ciechanowski P, Chaytor N, Miller J, Fraser R, Russo J, Unutzer J, et al. PEARLS depression treatment for individuals with epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior 2010;19(3):225-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.06.003] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
DiIorio 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. DiIorio C, Bamps Y, Walker E. Results of a randomised controlled trial evaluating WebEase, an online self-management program. Epilepsy Currents 2011;11(Suppl 1):Abstract no: 2.358.
    1. DiIorio C, Bamps Y, Walker ER, Escoffery C. Results of a research study evaluating WebEase, an online epilepsy self-management program. Epilepsy & Behavior 2011;22(3):469-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.07.030] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Dorris 2017 {published data only}
    1. Dorris L, Broome H, Wilson M, Grant C, Young D, Baker G, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a manual-based psychosocial group intervention for young people with epilepsy [PIE]. Epilepsy & Behavior 2017;72:89-98. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Dorris L, Broome H, Wilson M, Grant C. Three-month outcomes of an RCT psychosocial group intervention for young people with epilepsy (PIE). Epilepsia 2016;57(Suppl 2):14, Abstract no: 0024. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13609] - DOI
Edward 2019 {published data only}
    1. Edward K-L, Cook M, Stephenson J, Giandinoto J-A. The impact of brief lifestyle self-management education for the control of seizures. British Journal of Nursing 2019;28(6):348-54. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 0966-0461] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Fraser 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fraser RT, Johnson EK, Lashley S, Barber J, Chaytor N, Miller J, et al. Paces in epilepsy: results of a self-management randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy Currents 2015;15(Suppl 1):200, Abstract no: 2.039. [ISSN: 1535-7597] - PubMed
    1. Fraser RT, Johnson EK, Lashley S, Barber J, Chaytor N, Miller J, et al. The program for active consumer engagement in self-management (PACES) in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2015;56(Suppl 1):49, Abstract no: p0169. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13241] - DOI
    1. Fraser RT, Johnson EK, Lashley S, Barber J, Chaytor N, Miller JW, et al. PACES in epilepsy: results of a self-management randomised controlled trial. Epilepsia 2015;56(8):1264-74. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13052] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Gandy 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gandy M, Sharpe L, Nicholson Perry K, Thayer Z, Miller L, Boserio J, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy to improve mood in people with epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2014;43(2):153-66. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2014.892530] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Gilliam 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gilliam FG, Black K, Carter J, Freedland KE, Sheline YI, Tsai W-Y, et al. A trial of sertraline or cognitive behavior therapy for depression in epilepsy. Annals of Neurology 2019;86(4):552-60. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1531-8249] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Helde 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Helde G, Bovim G, Bråthen G, Brodtkorb E. A structured, nurse-led intervention program improves quality of life in patients with epilepsy: a randomised, controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior 2005;7(3):451-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.06.008] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Hosseini 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Hosseini N, Mokhtari S, Momeni E, Vossoughi M, Barekatian M. Effect of motivational interviewing on quality of life in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2016;55:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.10.012] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Hum 2019 {published data only}
    1. Hum KM, Chan CJ, Gane J, Conway L, McAndrews MP, Smith ML. Do distance-delivery group interventions improve depression in people with epilepsy? Epilepsy & Behavior 2019;98(Pt A):153-60. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Jantzen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jantzen S, Muller-Godeffroy E, Hallfahrt-Krisl T, Aksu F, Pust B, Kohl B, et al. FLIP&FLAP-a training programme for children and adolescents with epilepsy, and their parents. Seizure 2009;18(7):478-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2009.04.007] [ISSN: 1532-2688] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Leenen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Leenen LA, Wijnen BF, Kessels AG, Chan H, Kinderen RJ, Evers SM, et al. Effectiveness of a multicomponent self-management intervention for adults with epilepsy (ZMILE study): a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior 2018;80:259-65. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Wijnen B, Leenen L, De Kinderen R, Van Heugten C, Majoie M, Evers S. An economic evaluation of a multicomponent self-management intervention for adults with epilepsy (ZMILE study). European Journal of Neurology 2017;24(Suppl 1):72, Abstract no: O2218. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.13366] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wijnen BF, Leenen LA, Kinderen RJ, Heugten CM, Majoie MH, Evers SM. An economic evaluation of a multicomponent self-management intervention for adults with epilepsy (ZMILE study). Epilepsia 2017;58(8):1398-408. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1528-1167] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lua 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Lua PL, Neni WS. A randomised controlled trial of an SMS-based mobile epilepsy education system. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2013;19(1):23-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1357633x12473920] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lua PL, Neni WS. Health-related quality of life improvement via telemedicine for epilepsy: printed versus SMS-based education intervention. Quality of Life Research 2013;22(8):2123-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-013-0352-6] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Lundgren 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lundgren T, Dahl J, Melin L, Kies B. Evaluation of acceptance and commitment therapy for drug refractory epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial in South Africa - a pilot study. Epilepsia 2006;47(12):2173-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00892.x] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Lundgren 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dahl JC, Lundgren TL, Yardi N. Evaluation of short term ACT psychotherapy and yoga in a RCT trial for refractory seizures in India. Epilepsia 2005;46 Suppl 6:196, Abstract no: p545.
    1. Lundgren T, Dahl J, Yardi N, Melin L. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and yoga for drug-refractory epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior 2008;13(1):102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.02.009] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Martinović 2006 {published data only}
    1. Martinović Z, Simonović P, Djokić R. Preventing depression in adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2006;9(4):619-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.08.017] [ISSN: 1525-5050] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
May 2002 {published data only}
    1. May TW, Pfäfflin M. The efficacy of an educational treatment program for patients with epilepsy (MOSES): results of a controlled, randomised study. Epilepsia 2002;43(5):539-49. [ISSN: 0013-9580] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Meyer 2019 {published data only}
    1. Meyer B, Weiss M, Holtkamp M, Arnold S, Brückner K, Schröder J, et al. Effects of an epilepsy-specific Internet intervention (Emyna) on depression: results of the ENCODE randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia 2019;60(4):656-68. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.14673] [ISSN: 0013-9580] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Meyer B, Weiss M, Holtkamp M, Arnold S, Bruckner K, Schroder J, et al. Protocol for the ENCODE trial: evaluating a novel online depression intervention for persons with epilepsy. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17:55. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1229-y] [ISSN: 1471-244X] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Orjuela‐Rojas 2015 {published data only}
    1. Orjuela-Rojas JM, Martinez-Juarez IE, Ruiz-Chow A, Crail-Melendez D. Treatment of depression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: a pilot study of cognitive behavioral therapy vs. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Epilepsy & Behavior 2015;51:176-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.07.033] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Pakpour 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pakpour AH, Gholami M, Esmaeili R, Naghibi SA, Updegraff JA, Molloy GJ, et al. A randomised controlled multimodal behavioral intervention trial for improving antiepileptic drug adherence. Epilepsy & Behavior 2015;52(Pt A):133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.08.036] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Pfäfflin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Pfäfflin M, Schmitz B, May TW. Efficacy of the epilepsy nurse: results of a randomised controlled study. Epilepsia 2016;57(7):1190-8. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13424] [ISSN: 0013-9580, Print 1528-1167, Electronic] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Pramuka 2007 {published data only}
    1. Pramuka M, Hendrickson R, Zinski A, Van Cott AC. A psychosocial self-management program for epilepsy: a randomised pilot study in adults. Epilepsy & Behavior 2007;11(4):533-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.06.013] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Rau 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rau J, May TW, Pfäfflin M, Heubrock D, Petermann F. Education of children with epilepsy and their parents by the modular education program epilepsy for families (FAMOSES)--results of an evaluation study. Rehabilitation 2006;45(1):27-39. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-915371] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ridsdale 2018 {published data only}57937389
    1. Kralj-Hans I, Goldstein LH, Noble AJ, Landau S, Magill N, McCrone P, et al. Self-Management education for adults with poorly controlled epILEpsy (SMILE (UK)): a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Neurology 2014;14:69. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1471-2377] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ridsdale L, Kralj-Hans I, Noble A, Landau S, McCrone P, Morgan M, et al. Self-management education for epilepsy: an RCT protocol. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2014;85(10):A20-A21, Abstract no: 076. [DOI: ]
    1. Ridsdale L, McKinlay A, Wojewodka G, Robinson EJ, Mosweu I, Feehan SJ, et al. Self-Management education for adults with poorly controlled epILEpsy [SMILE (UK)]: a randomised controlled trial. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 2018;22(21):1-142. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 2046-4924] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ridsdale L, Wojewodka G, Robinson E, Landau S, Noble AJ, Morgan M, et al. Self-management education for adults with poorly controlled epilepsy (SMILE-UK). Epilepsia 2017;58(Suppl 5):S19, Abstract no: 0042. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13944] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ridsdale L. Self-management education for adults with poorly controlled epilepsy: the SMILE trial. European Journal of Neurology 2015;22(Suppl 1):118, Abstract no: L101. [DOI: ]
Ring 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ring H, Howlett J, Pennington M, Smith C, Redley M, Murphy C, et al. Training nurses in a competency framework to support adults with epilepsy and intellectual disability: the EpAID cluster RCT. Health Technology Assessment 2018;22(10):1-104. [DOI: 10.3310/hta22100] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sajatovic 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sajatovic M, Tatsuoka C, Welter E, Perzynski AT, Colon-Zimmermann K, Van Doren JR, et al. Targeted self-management of epilepsy and mental illness for individuals with epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity. Epilepsy & Behavior 2016;64(Pt A):152-9. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sajatovic 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sajatovic M, Colon-Zimmermann K, Kahriman M, Fuentes-Casiano E, Burant C, Aebi ME, et al. One-year follow-up of a remotely delivered epilepsy self-management program in high-risk people with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2019;96:237-43. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sajatovic M, Colon-Zimmermann K, Kahriman M, Fuentes-Casiano E, Liu H, Tatsuoka C, et al. A 6-month prospective randomized controlled trial of remotely delivered group format epilepsy self-management versus waitlist control for high-risk people with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2018;59(9):1684-95. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1528-1167] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Schröder 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Schröder J, Brückner K, Fischer A, Lindenau M, Köther U, Vettorazzi E, et al. Efficacy of a psychological online intervention for depression in people with epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Epilepsia 2014;55(12):2069-76. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12833] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Tang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tang V, Kwan P, Poon WS. Mindfulness-based psychological treatment and social support intervention for drug-resistant epilepsy: a randomised, assessor-blinded, controlled trial. Epilepsia 2013;54(Suppl 3):324, Abstract no: P1027. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12229] - DOI
    1. Tang V, Poon WS, Kwan P. Mindfulness-based therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy: an assessor-blinded randomised trial. Neurology 2015;85(13):1100-7. [DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001967] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Thompson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Thompson NJ, Patel A, Selwa LM, Begley CE, Fraser RT, Johnson E, et al. Preventing depression in epilepsy: Project Uplift. Epilepsy Currents 2013;13(Suppl 1):489, Abstract no: C.06. [ISSN: 1535-7597]
    1. Thompson NJ, Walker ER, Obolensky N, Winning A, Barmon C, Diiorio C, et al. Distance delivery of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: project UPLIFT. Epilepsy & Behavior 2010;19(3):247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.07.031] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Turan Gurhopur 2018 {published data only}
    1. Turan Gurhopur FD, Isler Dalgic A. The effect of a modular education program for children with epilepsy and their parents on disease management. Epilepsy & Behavior 2018;78:210-8. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yadegary 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yadegary MA, Maemodan FG, Nayeri ND, Ghanjekhanlo A. The effect of self-management training on health-related quality of life in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2015;50:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.04.051] [ISSN: 1525-5050] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Albert 2019 {published data only}
    1. Albert DV, Moreland JJ, Salvator A, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Haridas B, Cole JW, et al. Seizure action plans for pediatric patients with epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Neurology 2019;34(11):666-73. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1708-8283] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Aliasgharpour 2013 {published data only}
    1. Aliasgharpour M, Dehgahn Nayeri N, Yadegary MA, Haghani H. Effects of an educational program on self-management in patients with epilepsy. Seizure 2013;22(1):48-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2012.10.005] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Cazares 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cazares Miranda V, Solis Flores L, Granados Rangel MG, Mendoza Hernandez F, Lopez Alvarenga JC. Benefits of personalised nurse counselling in neurological patients. Revista Cientifica de la Sociedad Espanola de Enfermeria Neurologica 2017;46:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sedene.2017.07.002] - DOI
Chadi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chadi N, Kaufman M, Weisbaum E, Malboeuf-Hurtubise C, Kohut SA, Locke J, et al. Comparison of an in-person vs. ehealth mindfulness meditation-based intervention for adolescents with chronic medical conditions: a mixed methods study. Journal of Adolescent Health 2018;62(2 Suppl):S12, Abstract no: 22.
Dahl 1985 {published data only}
    1. Dahl J, Brorson LO, Melin L. Effects of a broad-spectrum behavioral medicine treatment program on children with refractory epileptic seizures: an 8-year follow-up. Epilepsia 1992;33(1):98-102. [ISSN: 0013-9580] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Dahl J, Melin L, Brorson LO, Schollin J. Effects of a broad-spectrum behavior modification treatment program on children with refractory epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1985;26(4):303-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dash 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dash D, Sebastian TM, Aggarwal M, Tripathi M. Impact of health education on drug adherence and self-care in people with epilepsy with low education. Epilepsy & Behavior 2015;44:213-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.12.030] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Davis 1984 {published data only}
    1. Davis GR, Armstrong HE Jr, Donovan DM, Temkin NR. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depressed affect among epileptics: preliminary findings. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1984;40(4):930-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
DiIorio 2009 {published data only}
    1. DiIorio C, Reisinger EL, Yeager KA, McCarty F. A telephone-based self-management program for people with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2009;14(1):232-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.10.016] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Eshiet 2019 {published data only}
    1. Eshiet U, Okonta J, Ukwe C. The efficacy of a pharmacist implemented educational treatment programme for people with epilepsy: a report of a randomised controlled trial. Seizure 2019;69:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.04.011] [ISSN: 1059-1311, Print 1532-2688, Electronic] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Helgeson 1990 {published data only}
    1. Helgeson DC, Mittan R, Tan SY, Chayasirisobhon S. Sepulveda Epilepsy Education: the efficacy of a psychoeducational treatment program in treating medical and psychosocial aspects of epilepsy. Epilepsia 1990;31(1):75-82. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Li 2016 {published data only}
    1. Li J, Wang X, Meng H, Zeng K, Quan F, Liu F. Systemic family therapy of comorbidity of anxiety and depression with epilepsy in adolescents. Psychiatry Investigation 2016;13(3):305-10. [DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.3.305] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McLaughlin 2011 {published data only}
    1. McLaughlin DP, McFarland K. A randomised trial of a group based cognitive behavior therapy program for older adults with epilepsy: the impact on seizure frequency, depression and psychosocial well-being. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2011;34(3):201-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-010-9299-z] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Mills 1999 {published data only}
    1. Mills N, Bachmann MO, Harvey I, Hine I, McGowan M. Effect of a primary-care-based epilepsy specialist nurse service on quality of care from the patients' perspective: quasi-experimental evaluation. Seizure 1999;8(1):1-7. [ISSN: 1059-1311] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Modi 2016b {published data only}
    1. Modi AC, Mann KA, Urso L, Peugh J. Preliminary feasibility and efficacy of text messaging and application-based adherence interventions in adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2016;63:46-9. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 1525-5069] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Modi 2016c {published data only}
    1. Modi AC, Guilfoyle SM, Mann KA, Rausch JR. A pilot randomised controlled clinical trial to improve antiepileptic drug adherence in young children with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2016;57(3):e69-75. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13289] [ISSN: 1528-1167 0013-9580] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mohamadpour 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mohamadpour S, Tajikzadeh F, Aflakseir A. The efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on self-efficacy and anxiety among epileptic patients. Archives of Neuroscience 2017;4(2):e39060. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.39060] - DOI
Olley 2001 {published data only}
    1. Olley BO, Osinowo HO, Brieger WR. Psycho-educational therapy among Nigerian adult patients with epilepsy: a controlled outcome study. Patient Education and Counseling 2001;42(1):25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s0738-3991(00)00087-2] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Peterson 1984 {published data only}
    1. Peterson GM, McLean S, Millingen KS. A randomised trial of strategies to improve patient compliance with anticonvulsant therapy. Epilepsia 1984;25(4):412-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Pfäfflin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hagemann A, Pfäfflin M, Nussbeck F, May TW. The efficacy of an educational program for parents of children with epilepsy (FAMOSES): results of a controlled multicenter evaluation study [Was bringt das Schulungsprogramm famoses den Eltern epilepsiekranker Kinder? Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten, multizentrischen Evaluationsstudie]. ekvv.uni-bielefeld.de/blog/uniaktuell/resource/Poster2.pdf (accessed 3 May 2016). - PubMed
    1. Pfäfflin M, Petermann F, Rau J, May TW. The psychoeducational program for children with epilepsy and their parents (FAMOSES): results of a controlled pilot study and a survey of parent satisfaction over a five-year period. Epilepsy & Behavior 2012;25(1):11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.06.012] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ridsdale 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ridsdale L, Kwan I, Cryer C. Newly diagnosed epilepsy: can nurse specialists help? A randomised controlled trial. Epilepsy Care Evaluation Group. Epilepsia 2000;41(8):1014-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Tajrishi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tajrishi MP, Abbasi S, Fard TN, Yousefi S, Abadi AM, Kasmaei HD. Efficacy of attribution retraining on mental health of epileptic children. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2015;17(10):e19393. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.19393] [ISSN: 2074-1804] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tan 1986 {published data only}
    1. Tan SY, Bruni J. Cognitive-behavior therapy with adult patients with epilepsy: a controlled outcome study. Epilepsia 1986;27(3):225-33. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Thompson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Thompson NJ, Patel AH, Selwa LM, Stoll SC, Begley CE, Johnson EK, et al. Expanding the efficacy of project UPLIFT: distance delivery of mindfulness-based depression prevention to people with epilepsy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2015;83(2):304-13. [DOI: 10.1037/a0038404] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yoo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yoo H, Kim H-S. Development and evaluation of the Empowering A Self-Efficacy (EASE) program for children with epilepsy. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2015;45(1):54-63. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 2093-758X] [PMID: ] - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Bennett 2016 {published data only}21184717
    1. Bennett S, Heyman I, Coughtrey A, Simmonds J, Varadkar S, Stephenson T, et al. Guided self-help interventions for mental health disorders in children with neurological conditions: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2016;17(1):532. [ISSN: 1745-6215] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Singh 2019 {published data only}
    1. Singh G, Sharma S, Bansal RK, Setia RK, Sharma S, Bansal N, et al. A home-based, primary-care model for epilepsy care in India: basis and design. Epilepsia Open 2019;4(2):264-74. [DOI: ] [ISSN: 2470-9239] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

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References to other published versions of this review

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