Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Free-Swimming: Sensitivity to Maturation Stages and Validity

Abstract

Evaluation of anaerobic contribution is important under swimming settings (training and modification through ages), therefore, it is expected to change during maturation. The accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) method can be used to determine the contribution of nonoxidative energy during swimming; however, it requires several days of evaluation. An alternative method to estimate anaerobic contribution evaluation (AC_ALT), which can also be evaluated without snorkel (i.e., free-swimming, AC_FS), has been proposed; however, these methods have never been compared. Thus, this study (i) analyzed the effect of maturation stage on AC_FS during maximal 400 m swimming (Part I), and (ii) compared AOD with AC_ALT and AC_FS, determined in a maximal 400 m effort (Part II). In Part I, 34 swimmers were divided into three groups, according to maturation stages (early-pubertal, middle-pubertal, and pubertal), and subjected to a maximal 400 m free-swimming to determine AC_FS. In Part II, six swimmers were subjected to one 400 m maximal effort, and four submaximal constant efforts. The AOD was determined by the difference between the estimated demand and accumulated oxygen during the entire effort. The AC_ALT and AC_FS (for Part I as well) was assumed as the sum of lactic and alactic anaerobic contributions. AC_FS was higher in pubertal (3.8 ± 1.1 L) than early (2.1 ± 0.9 L) and middle pubertal group (2.4 ± 1.1 L). No difference was observed among absolute AOD (3.2 ± 1.3 L), AC_ALT (3.2 ± 1.5 L), and AC_FS (4.0 ± 0.9 L) (F = 3.6; p = 0.06). Relative AOD (51.8 ± 12.2 mL·kg^-1), AC_ALT (50.5 ± 14.3 mL·kg^-1), and AC_FS (65.2 ± 8.8 mL·kg^-1) presented main effect (F = 4.49; p = 0.04), without posthoc difference. The bias of AOD vs. AC_ALT was 0.04 L, and AOD vs. AC_FS was -0.74 L. The limits of agreement between AOD and AC_ALT were +0.9 L and -0.8 L, and between AOD and AC_FS were +0.7 L and -2.7 L. It can be concluded that AC_FS determination is a feasible tool to determine anaerobic contribution in young swimmers, and it changes during maturation stages. Also, AC_FS might be useful to measure anaerobic contribution in swimmers, especially because it allows greater speeds.

Keywords: accumulated oxygen deficit; anaerobic contribution; maturation; swimming; young swimmers.

Figure 1

Experimental design for Part I and Part II. Arrows represent blood sample to determine lactate concentration.

Figure 2

VO₂ data from 400 m swimming and recovery. Gray line indicates bi-exponential adjustment. Alactic anaerobic contribution was assumed as the product between A1 and t₁.

Figure 3

Mean and standard deviation for speed during the 400 m partial (□; left axis), and estimated demand calculated for each 25 m portion (•; right axis).

Figure 4

Mean and standard deviation of AC_FS (anaerobic contribution) determined in free-swimming in different maturation stages. *Significantly higher than early-pubertal and middle-pubertal.

Figure 5

Mean and standard deviation of absolute (white bar) and relative (gray bar) of AOD, AC_ALT, and AC_FS.

Figure 6

Bland and Altman agreement analysis between AOD and AC_ALT, AOD and AC_FS, and AC_ALT, and AC_FS.