Navigated, gap-balanced, adjusted mechanical alignment achieves alignment and balancing goals in a very high percentage but with partially non-anatomical resections

Abstract

Purpose: Navigated, gap-balanced adjusted mechanical alignment (AMA) including a 0° varus tibial cut and modification of angles and resections of the femoral cuts to obtain optimal balance accepting minor axis deviations. Objectives of this study were (1) to analyse to what extent AMA achieves the goals for leg alignment and gap balance, and (2) in what percentage non-anatomical cuts are needed to achieve these goals.

Methods: Out of 1000 total knee arthroplasties (TKA) all varus knees (hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle < 178°; n = 680) were included. All surgeries were performed as computer assisted surgery (CAS) in AMA technique. CAS data at the end of surgery were analysed with respect to HKA and gap-sizes. All bone cuts were quantified. Depending on the amount of deformity, a subgroup analysis was performed. It was analysed whether the amount of deformity influences the non-anatomical cuts by correlation analysis.

Results: AMA reached the goals for postoperative HKA (3° corridor) in 636 cases (93.5%). While extension and flexion gap balance were achieved in more than 653 cases (96%), flexion and extension gap size were equalled in 615 knees (90.4%). The resections of the lateral tibia plateau and distal and posterior medial femoral condyle were anatomical (Tibia: 7.0 ± 1.7 mm; medial condyle distal: 7.8 ± 1.4 mm; medial posterior: 8.2 ± 1.8 mm). The number of non-anatomical resections for those cuts were low; 67 (9.9%); 24 (3.5%); 32 (4.7%). For the medial tibia plateau and the lateral posterior condyle, the cuts were non-anatomical in a high percentage of cases; Tibia: 606 (89.1%), lateral posterior condyle: 398 (58.5%). Moderate but significant correlations were found between resection differences and amount of deformity (medio-lateral: tibia: 0.399; distal femur: 0.310; posterior femur: 0.167). No correlations were found between resection differences and gap values.

Conclusion: AMA reaches the intended target for HKA and gap balance in over 612 (90%) of cases and maintains the medial femoral condyle anatomically. Non-anatomical tibial resection causes increased external rotation of the femoral component and by that non-anatomical cut of the posterior lateral condyle. Nonanatomical resections of AMA might be one reason for the persisting high rate of unsatisfied patients after TKA. Anatomical and individual alignment philosophies might help to reduce this rate of dissatisfaction.

Keywords: Adjusted mechanical alignment; Alignment; Navigation; Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA).