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. 2022 May 24;19(11):6369.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19116369.

The Fear of COVID-19: Gender Differences among Italian Health Volunteers

Jessica Burrai  1 , Alessandro Quaglieri  1 , Umberto Aitella  1 , Clarissa Cricenti  1 , Ivan D'Alessio  1 , Alessandra Pizzo  1 , Giulia Lausi  1 , Anna Maria Giannini  1 , Emanuela Mari  1
Affiliations

The Fear of COVID-19: Gender Differences among Italian Health Volunteers

Jessica Burrai et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the fear of being infected was a major concern, resulting in both physical and psychological effects. Despite several studies on fear of COVID-19 in the general population, the effects on healthy volunteers who face COVID-19 on the frontlines have not yet been investigated.

Methods: An online survey on specific psychological variables related to COVID-19 was administered to 720 healthy volunteers, and gender differences were investigated.

Results: The primary finding was that females showed higher scores in all dimensions assessed. A multiple linear regression conducted on both genders exhibited a similar pattern of predictors, highlighting the pivotal role of negative affect in the male group.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that COVID-19 had significant effects on healthy volunteers, especially in the female group. Although the previous literature did not report the crucial role played by the negative affect in the male sample, these results highlight the need to deepen how both genders use different emotional strategies to cope with stressful situations. This study may be useful in the development of specific psychological support and ad hoc training for healthy volunteers.

Keywords: COVID-19 and mental health; anxiety; coronavirus pandemic; death; depression; posttraumatic stress disorder; stress; volunteer personnel; well-being.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Independent sample t test of DASS-21. Note: * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Independent sample t test of Brief-coping Inventory. Note: *** = p < 0.001.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Independent sample t test of Collett-Lester Scale. Note: ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Independent sample t test of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (A) and PTSD total score. (B). Note: ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Independent sample t test of PTSD Related to COVID-19 subscales. Note: * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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