Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 May 25;23(11):5938.
doi: 10.3390/ijms23115938.

An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Daniel Mihai Teleanu  1 , Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu  2 , Iulia Ioana Lungu  2   3 , Crina Ioana Radu  4 , Oana Vladâcenco  1   5 , Eugenia Roza  1   5 , Bogdan Costăchescu  6   7 , Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu  2   8   9 , Raluca Ioana Teleanu  1   5
Affiliations
Review

An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Daniel Mihai Teleanu et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Oxidative stress has been linked with a variety of diseases, being involved in the debut and/or progress of several neurodegenerative disorders. This review intends to summarize some of the findings that correlate the overproduction of reactive oxygen species with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oxidative stress was also noted to modify the inflammatory response. Even though oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are two totally different pathological events, they are linked and affect one another. Nonetheless, there are still several mechanisms that need to be understood regarding the onset and the progress of neurodegenerative diseases in order to develop efficient therapies. As antioxidants are a means to alter oxidative stress and slow down the symptoms of these neurodegenerative diseases, the most common antioxidants, enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic, have been mentioned in this paper as therapeutic options for the discussed disorders.

Keywords: antioxidants; neurodegenerative disease; neuroinflammation; reactive oxidative species.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Generally known reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adapted from [13].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Dopamine metabolism and ROS production. Reprinted from an open-access source [21].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic representation of alterations in dopamine, iron, and alfa-synuclein promoting oxidative stress in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Reprinted from an open-access source [21].
Figure 4
Figure 4
The model of motor nerve terminal dysregulation in ALS. (A) Healthy NMJ. (B) Pathological changes in NMJ during early stage of ALS. (C) Pathological changes in NMJ during late stage of ALS. Abbreviations: Ach—acetyl choline, MuSK—muscle-specific kinase, NMJ—neuromuscular junction, ROS—reactive oxygen species, TSC—terminal Schwann. Reprinted from an open-access source [34].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Representation of ROS-induced mitochondrial abnormalities in AD. Reprinted from an open-access source [9].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Mutant HTT (mHTT)-induced mitochondria-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Adapted from [62].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Overview of microglial functions in response to stress and AD pathology. Adapted from [71].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Liu Z., Zhou T., Ziegler A.C., Dimitrion P., Zuo L. Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2017;2017:2525967. doi: 10.1155/2017/2525967. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stephenson J., Nutma E., van der Valk P., Amor S. Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology. 2018;154:204–219. doi: 10.1111/imm.12922. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Volkman R., Offen D. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cells. 2017;35:1867–1880. doi: 10.1002/stem.2651. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Busnatu Ș., Niculescu A.-G., Bolocan A., Petrescu G.E.D., Păduraru D.N., Năstasă I., Lupușoru M., Geantă M., Andronic O., Grumezescu A.M., et al. Clinical Applications of Artificial Intelligence—An Updated Overview. J. Clin. Med. 2022;11:2265. doi: 10.3390/jcm11082265. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ishola A.A., Oyinloye B.E., Ajiboye B.O., Kappo A.P. Molecular Docking Studies of Flavonoids from Andrographis paniculata as Potential Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors towards the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem. 2021;11:9871–9879. doi: 10.33263/briac113.98719879. - DOI

MeSH terms