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. 2022 May 24;15(11):3746.
doi: 10.3390/ma15113746.

Valorization of Rice Husk and Straw Agriculture Wastes of Eastern Saudi Arabia: Production of Bio-Based Silica, Lignocellulose, and Activated Carbon

Hisham S M Abd-Rabboh  1 , Khaled F Fawy  1 , Mohamed S Hamdy  1 , SeragEldin I Elbehairi  2 , Ali A Shati  2 , Mohammad Y Alfaifi  2 , Hala A Ibrahium  2 , Saad Alamri  2 , Nasser S Awwad  1
Affiliations

Valorization of Rice Husk and Straw Agriculture Wastes of Eastern Saudi Arabia: Production of Bio-Based Silica, Lignocellulose, and Activated Carbon

Hisham S M Abd-Rabboh et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Bio-based silica, lignocellulose, and activated carbon were simply produced via the recycling of Hassawi rice biomass waste of Al-Ahsa governorate in the eastern Saudi Arabia region using a fast chemical treatment procedure. Rice husk and rice straw wastes were collected, ground, and chemically treated with sodium hydroxide to extract silica/silicate from the dried plant tissues. The liquid extract is then treated with acid solutions in order to precipitate silica/silicate at neutral medium. Lowering the pH of the supernatant to 2 resulted in the precipitation of lignocellulose. Thermal treatment of the biomass residue under N2 gas stream resulted in activated carbon production. Separated products were dried/treated and characterized using several physical examination techniques, such as FT-IR, SEM/EDX, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy in order to study their structure and morphology. Silica and lignocelluloses products were then preliminarily used in the treatment of wastewaters and water-desalination processes.

Keywords: activated carbon; agriculture waste recycling; lignocellulose; rice husk; rice straw; silica.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comparison of FT–IR spectra for both untreated and treated raw Hassawi rice biomass waste: (a) raw rice straw and rice husk, and (b) NaOH treated rice straw and rice husk samples.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Characterization data for silica/silicate extracted from Hassawi rice biomass waste: (a) SEM image, (b) FT–IR spectra, and (c) XRD diffractogram.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Characterization data for silica/silicate extracted from Hassawi rice biomass waste: (a) SEM image, (b) FT–IR spectra, and (c) XRD diffractogram.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Characterization data for the produced amorphous porous silica from Hassawi rice biomass waste: (a) XRD diffractogram, (b) FT–IR spectrum, (c) N2 sorption isotherm, and (d) pore size distribution.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Characterization data for the produced amorphous porous silica from Hassawi rice biomass waste: (a) XRD diffractogram, (b) FT–IR spectrum, (c) N2 sorption isotherm, and (d) pore size distribution.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Analysis data for the porous silica nanoparticles (MSN) produced from Hassawi rice biomass waste: (a) SEM image, (b) EDX graph, and (c,d) HRTEM images.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Analysis data for lignocellulose produced from Hassawi rice biomass waste: (a) SEM image, (b) FT–IR spectrum, and (c) XRD diffractogram.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Characterization data for activated carbon sample produced from thermal treatment/activation of Hassawi rice biomass waste: (a) XRD diffractogram, (b) FT–IR spectrum, (c) N2 adsorption/desorption, (d,e) SEM images, and (f) EDX analysis.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
The overall recycling process for Hassawi rice biomass waste, corresponding resulting materials, and their applications.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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