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. 2022 May 27;15(11):3826.
doi: 10.3390/ma15113826.

Non-Thermal Plasma Reduction of Ag+ Ions into Silver Nanoparticles in Open Atmosphere under Statistically Optimized Conditions for Biological and Photocatalytic Applications

Noor Ul Huda Altaf  1 , Muhammad Yasin Naz  1 , Shazia Shukrullah  1 , Madiha Ghamkhar  2 , Muhammad Irfan  3 , Saifur Rahman  3 , Tomasz Jakubowski  4 , Esam A Alqurashi  5 , Adam Glowacz  6 , Mater H Mahnashi  7
Affiliations

Non-Thermal Plasma Reduction of Ag+ Ions into Silver Nanoparticles in Open Atmosphere under Statistically Optimized Conditions for Biological and Photocatalytic Applications

Noor Ul Huda Altaf et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

An environmentally friendly non-thermal DC plasma reduction route was adopted to reduce Ag+ ions at the plasma−liquid interface into silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under statistically optimized conditions for biological and photocatalytic applications. The efficiency and reactivity of AgNPs were improved by statistically optimizing the reaction parameters with a Box−Behnken Design (BBD). The size of the AgNPs was chosen as a statistical response parameter, while the concentration of the stabilizer, the concentration of the silver salt, and the plasma reaction time were chosen as independent factors. The optimized parameters for the plasma production of AgNPs were estimated using a response surface methodology and a significant model p < 0.05. The AgNPs, prepared under optimized conditions, were characterized and then tested for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and photocatalytic potentials. The optimal conditions for these three activities were 3 mM of stabilizing agent, 5 mM of AgNO3, and 30 min of reaction time. Having particles size of 19 to 37 nm under optimized conditions, the AgNPs revealed a 82.3% degradation of methyl orange dye under UV light irradiation. The antibacterial response of the optimized AgNPs against S. aureus and E. coli strains revealed inhabitation zones of 15 mm and 12 mm, respectively, which demonstrate an antioxidant activity of 81.2%.

Keywords: antioxidant activity; plasma reduction reaction; response surface methodology; silver nanoparticles; wastewater treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of plasma synthesized AgNPs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Main effects plot graph for the size of AgNPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Normal and probability plot for experimental vs. predicted size of AgNPs.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a–c): 3D surface plot showing the effect of process parameters on the size of AgNPs.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a–c): 3D surface plot showing the effect of process parameters on the size of AgNPs.
Figure 5
Figure 5
XRD spectra of statistical analyzed AgNPs (runs 1, 2, 12 and 4).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Variation in the UV-absorption peak with different process parameters.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) SEM micrograph of run 4 (small-sized AgNPs), (b) SEM image of run 6 (large-sized AgNPs).
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a,b) Size distribution histogram of AgNPs.
Figure 9
Figure 9
EDX spectra of optimized AgNPs (run 4).
Figure 10
Figure 10
FTIR spectrum of optimized (run 4) AgNPs.
Figure 11
Figure 11
(a,b) The images represent the antibacterial activity of optimized AgNPs against Gram +ive and Gram −ive bacterial strains.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Graph shows the maximum zone of inhibition against the E. coli bacterial strains.
Figure 13
Figure 13
DPPH scavenging activity of optimized AgNPs, with different concentrations of vitamin C for comparison.
Figure 14
Figure 14
(a) Absorbance spectra of an aqueous solution of MO dye treated with (run 4) optimized AgNPs at 100 min of irradiation, (b)% of dye degradation at different time intervals, (c) image of 0 min and 100 min degradation of MO.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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