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. 2022 Jun 6;14(11):2303.
doi: 10.3390/polym14112303.

Graphene Oxide/Polyvinyl Alcohol-Formaldehyde Composite Loaded by Pb Ions: Structure and Electrochemical Performance

Alaa Fahmy  1   2 , Badawi Anis  3 , Paulina Szymoniak  2 , Korinna Altmann  2 , Andreas Schönhals  2
Affiliations

Graphene Oxide/Polyvinyl Alcohol-Formaldehyde Composite Loaded by Pb Ions: Structure and Electrochemical Performance

Alaa Fahmy et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

An immobilization of graphene oxide (GO) into a matrix of polyvinyl formaldehyde (PVF) foam as an eco-friendly, low cost, superior, and easily recovered sorbent of Pb ions from an aqueous solution is described. The relationships between the structure and electrochemical properties of PVF/GO composite with implanted Pb ions are discussed for the first time. The number of alcohol groups decreased by 41% and 63% for PVF/GO and the PVF/GO/Pb composite, respectively, compared to pure PVF. This means that chemical bonds are formed between the Pb ions and the PVF/GO composite based on the OH groups. This bond formation causes an increase in the Tg values attributed to the formation of a strong surface complexation between adjacent layers of PVF/GO composite. The conductivity increases by about 2.8 orders of magnitude compared to the values of the PVF/GO/Pb composite compared to the PVF. This means the presence of Pb ions is the main factor for enhancing the conductivity where the conduction mechanism is changed from ionic for PVF to electronic conduction for PVF/GO and PVF/GO/Pb.

Keywords: conductivity; dynamic mobility; graphene oxide; lead ions; polyvinyl formaldehyde.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The possible structure of graphene oxide.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Preparation of polyvinyl formaldehyde from polyvinyl alcohol.
Figure 2
Figure 2
XPS survey scans of PVF/GO and PVF/GO/Pb in comparison to PVF.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Relative area under the peaks for PVF polymer, the PVF/GO and the PVF/GO/Pb composite. (a). XPS spectra of the Pb4f peak of PVF/GO/Pb composite. (b). The solid line represents the experimental data. The dashed lines represent the individual contributions. The dotted line is a fit of a sum of four Gaussians to the data.
Figure 4
Figure 4
ATR-FTIR spectra of PVF/GO and PVF/GO/Pb composite compared to the pure PVF (a). The area under the peak in the wave number range from 3600 to 3100 cm−1 in all samples was shown in (b).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Area under the peaks from 1500 to 1800 cm−1 for the PVF, PVF/GO and PVF/GO/Pb composite.
Figure 6
Figure 6
HRSEM images of the pure PVF foam (a), PVF/GO (b), PVF/GO foam loaded with Pb ions (c), and elemental mapping of the PVF/GO foam loaded with lead ions (d). Inset: The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis of PVF/GO foam loaded with lead ions.
Figure 7
Figure 7
DSC thermograms of pure PVF (a), PVF/GO (b) and the PVF/GO/Pb composite (c) during the 2nd heating run (10 K/min). The red curve is a sigmoidal fit to the data. The blue curve is the first derivative of the sigmoidal curve with respect to temperature. The maximum of the peak corresponds to the glass transition temperature. The Tg values obtained for the different systems are given in part (d).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Dielectric loss ε″ versus temperature at different frequencies for pure PVF (a), PVF/GO (b) and PVF/GO/Pb composite samples (c). (d) Relaxation rate fβ for the process at low temperature versus inverse temperature for: PVF (solid squares), PVF/GO (squares), and PVF/GO/Pb (circles) composites. The lines are fits of the Arrhenius equation to the corresponding data.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The real part σ′ of the complex conductivity versus the frequency at 438 K for PVF/GO and PVF/GO/Pb composite in comparison to pure PVF (a), with DC conductivity σDC for PVF/GO and PVF/GO/Pb composite in comparison to pure PVF versus inverse temperature (b).
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