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. 2022 May 30:2022:4805490.
doi: 10.1155/2022/4805490. eCollection 2022.

Multifunctional Core-Shell NiFe2O4 Shield with TiO2/rGO Nanostructures for Biomedical and Environmental Applications

R Esther Nimshi  1 , J Judith Vijaya  1 , B Al-Najar  2 , L Hazeem  3 , M Bououdina  4 , L John Kennedy  5 , K Kombaiah  6 , S Bellucci  7
Affiliations

Multifunctional Core-Shell NiFe2O4 Shield with TiO2/rGO Nanostructures for Biomedical and Environmental Applications

R Esther Nimshi et al. Bioinorg Chem Appl. .

Abstract

Multifunctional core@shell nanoparticles have been synthesized in this paper through 3 stages: NiFe2O4 nanoparticles by microwave irradiation using Pedalium murex leaf extract as a fuel, core@shell NiFe2O4@TiO2 nanoparticles by sol-gel, and NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO by sol-gel using preprepared reduced graphene oxide obtained by modified Hummer's method. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of both cubic NiFe2O4 spinel and tetragonal TiO2 rutile phases, while Raman spectroscopy analysis displays both D and G bands (I D /I G = 1.04) associated with rGO. Morphological observations by HRTEM reveal a core-shell nanostructure formed by NiFe2O4 core as confirmed by SAED with subsequent thin layers of TiO2 and rGO. Magnetic measurements show a ferromagnetic behavior, where the saturation magnetization drops drastically from 45 emu/g for NiFe2O4 to 15 emu/g after TiO2 and rGO nonmagnetic bilayers coating. The as-fabricated multifunctional core@shell nanostructures demonstrate tunable self-heating characteristics: rise of temperature and specific absorption rate in the range of ΔT = 3-10°C and SAR = 3-58 W/g, respectively. This effectiveness is much close to the threshold temperature of hyperthermia (45°C), and the zones of inhibition show the better effective antibacterial activity of NTG against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains besides simultaneous good efficient, stable, and removable sonophotocatalyst toward the TC degradation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
XRD patterns of (a) NiFe2O4, (b) NiFe2O4@TiO2, and (c) NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Rietveld image of (a) NiFe2O4, (b) NiFe2O4@TiO2, and (c) NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FTIR patterns of (a) NiFe2O4, (b) NiFe2O4@TiO2, and (c) NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 4
Figure 4
DRS patterns of (a) NiFe2O4, (b) NiFe2O4@TiO2, and (c) NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 5
Figure 5
HR-SEM and DLS image of (a and d) NiFe2O4, (b and e) NiFe2O4@TiO2, and (c and f) NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 6
Figure 6
EDX image of (a) NiFe2O4, (b) NiFe2O4@TiO2, and (c) NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 7
Figure 7
HRTEM image of NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Raman spectra of (a) TiO2, (b) rGO, (c) NiFe2O4, and (d) NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 9
Figure 9
M-H curves of (a) NiFe2O4, (b) NiFe2O4@TiO2, and (c) NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Hyperthermia heating efficiency of (a) NiFe2O4, (b) NiFe2O4@TiO2, and (c) NiFe2O4@TiO2@rGO core@shell nanoparticles.
Figure 11
Figure 11
C/C0 versus time plot of TC degradation by (a) sonocatalytic; (b) photocatalytic; (c) sonophotocatalytic methods.
Figure 12
Figure 12
TC degradation by (a) Ni; (b) NiT; (c) NiTG (d) C/C0 versus time.
Figure 13
Figure 13
The proposed sonophotocatalytic tetracycline degradation mechanism.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Zone of inhibition against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in well diffusion method.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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