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Review
. 2022 Jun 11;17(1):26.
doi: 10.1186/s13027-022-00442-2.

Persistence and risk factors of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among HIV positive and HIV negative tanzanian women: a cohort study

Patricia Swai  1 , Vibeke Rasch  2   3 , Ditte S Linde  2   3 , Bariki Mchome  4 , Rachel Manongi  4 , Chun Sen Wu  2 , Marianne Waldstrom  5 , Thomas Iftner  6 , Julius Mwaiselage  7 , Susanne K Kjaer  8   9
Affiliations
Review

Persistence and risk factors of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among HIV positive and HIV negative tanzanian women: a cohort study

Patricia Swai et al. Infect Agent Cancer. .

Abstract

Background: High-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer. We have assessed the type-specific HR HPV persistence among HIV positive and HIV negative Tanzanian women and factors associated with HR HPV persistence.

Methods: In a cohort study including 4080 Tanzanian women, 3074 attended follow-up examination (up to 32 months after enrollment). Cervical samples were obtained for liquid-based cytology and HPV DNA testing using Hybrid Capture 2 and Inno-Lipa Extra II. Information on lifestyle factors was collected through a personal interview. The probability of HR HPV persistence at a given time point since enrollment was estimated non-parametrically using the EMICM algorithm.

Results: Among the 462 women HR HPV positive at enrollment, 158 had at least one identical type detected at follow-up. The probability of persistence at 18 months after enrollment was 34.2 (95% CI 29.0-39.4). Stratifying by HIV status, the persistence probability was 42.9% (95% CI 33.5-51.9) among HIV positive, and 28.0% (95% CI 22.1-34.2) among HIV negative. Overall, HR HPV persistence was most common for HPV58, 35, 16, 31, and 52. Among HIV positive women it was HPV45, and HPV16, followed by HPV58 and HPV18, and among HIV negative women it was HPV31, HPV33 and HPV58. Risk factors associated with persistence of HR HPV were older age, longer interval between enrollment and follow-up, binge drinking, and HIV status.

Conclusions: HR HPV persistence was common in Tanzania, and most common among HIV positive women. Overall, persistence was most frequent for HPV 58, 35, 16, 31 and 52. The nonavalent HPV vaccine should be considered.

Keywords: HIV status; HR HPV; Persistence; Risk factors; Tanzania.

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Conflict of interest statement

SKK has previously received speaker fee from Merck and research grant from Merck through her affiliating institution. TI received speaker honoraria from Hologic GmbH and an unrestricted research grant to his institution from Hologic GmbH.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart describing enrollment and follow-up in a longitudinal study of women from Tanzania
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Probability of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence according to time since enrollment among Tanzanian women (N = 462)-overall (a), according to age (b), and among women without HSIL + (c)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Probability of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence at 18 months after baseline in relation to age among Tanzanian women(N = 462)-overall (a) and according to HIV status (b)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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