"Our mothers do not tell us": a qualitative study of adolescent girls' perspectives on sexual and reproductive health in rural Nepal
- PMID: 35695251
- PMCID: PMC9225746
- DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2022.2068211
"Our mothers do not tell us": a qualitative study of adolescent girls' perspectives on sexual and reproductive health in rural Nepal
Abstract
Adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries continue to face poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH). In Nepal, early marriage and motherhood, gender-based violence, and unmet need for contraception remain pervasive. Adolescent girls in rural areas bear a disproportionate burden of poor reproductive health outcomes, but there are limited context-specific data. This is a qualitative study to identify factors that impact adolescent girls' utilisation of and access to SRH services in a rural district of Nepal. We conducted 21 individual interviews with adolescent girls aged 15-19 years, and three focus group discussions with community health workers. We used an inductive analytic approach to identify emergent and recurrent themes and present the themes using the social ecological model. Individual-level factors that contribute to low uptake of services among adolescent girls include lack of knowledge, self-perceived lack of need, low decision-making autonomy, and shyness. Interpersonal factors that impact access include unsupportive family norms, absence of open communication, and need for permission from family members to access care. At the community level, disparate gender norms, son preference, and judgment by community members affect adolescent SRH. Inadequate sex education, far travel distance to facilities, lack of female healthcare providers and teachers, and inability to access abortion services were identified as organisational and systems barriers. Stigma was a factor cross-cutting several levels. Our findings suggest the need for multi-level strategies to address these factors to improve adolescent girls' SRH.
Dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire, les adolescentes continuent de souffrir d’une mauvaise santé sexuelle et reproductive (SSR). Au Népal, les mariages et les maternités précoces, la violence sexiste et les besoins insatisfaits de contraception restent très répandus. Les adolescentes qui vivent en zone rurale supportent une charge anormalement importante de mauvaise santé reproductive, pourtant, les données spécifiques au contexte sont limitées. Cette étude qualitative souhaite identifier les facteurs qui influencent l’accès et le recours des adolescentes aux services de SSR dans un district rural du Népal. Nous avons mené 21 entretiens individuels avec des adolescentes âgées de 15 à 19 ans et trois discussions par groupe d’intérêt avec des agents de santé communautaires. Nous avons utilisé une approche analytique inductive pour identifier les questions émergentes et récurrentes et présenter les thèmes à l’aide du modèle écologique social. Les facteurs au niveau individuel qui contribuent à un faible recours aux services chez les adolescentes incluent le manque de connaissances, l’impression de ne pas avoir besoin de ces services, la faible autonomie dans la prise de décision et la timidité. Les facteurs interpersonnels qui influent sur l’accès incluent les normes familiales qui ne soutiennent pas les adolescentes, l’absence de communication ouverte et la nécessité d’obtenir la permission des membres de la famille pour bénéficier des soins. Au niveau communautaire, les normes de genre disparates, la préférence pour les fils et le jugement par les membres de la communauté touchent la SSR des adolescentes. Une éducation sexuelle inadaptée, l’éloignement des centres, le manque de personnel féminin chez les prestataires de soins de santé et les enseignants, ainsi que l’impossibilité d’avoir accès aux services d’avortement ont été identifiés comme des obstacles organisationnels et systémiques. La stigmatisation était un facteur commun à plusieurs niveaux. Nos conclusions suggèrent la nécessité d’adopter des stratégies à multiples niveaux pour s’attaquer à ces facteurs et améliorer ainsi la SSR des adolescentes.
En los países de bajos y medianos ingresos, las adolescentes continúan enfrentando salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) deficiente. En Nepal, el matrimonio y la maternidad precoces, la violencia de género y la necesidad insatisfecha de anticoncepción permanecen omnipresentes. En las zonas rurales, las adolescentes sufren de manera desproporcionada los malos resultados relacionados con la salud reproductiva, pero hay datos limitados sobre cada contexto específico. Este estudio cualitativo pretende identificar los factores que afectan el uso de los servicios de SSR por las adolescentes y su acceso a dichos servicios en un distrito rural de Nepal. Realizamos 21 entrevistas individuales con adolescentes de 15 a 19 años y tres discusiones en grupos focales con agentes de salud comunitaria. Utilizamos un enfoque de análisis inductivo para identificar temas emergentes y recurrentes y presentar los temas utilizando el modelo ecológico social. Los factores individuales que contribuyen al bajo nivel de aceptación de los servicios entre las adolescentes son: falta de conocimiento, carencia de necesidad autopercibida, poca autonomía para tomar decisiones y timidez. Los factores interpersonales que afectan el acceso son: normas familiares insolidarias, carencia de comunicación abierta y la necesidad de obtener el permiso de un miembro de la familia para acceder a los servicios. A nivel comunitario, las normas de género dispares, la preferencia por hijo varón y ser juzgada por integrantes de la comunidad afectan la SSR adolescente. Se identificaron como barreras institucionales y sistémicas la educación sexual inadecuada, las largas distancias de viaje a establecimientos de salud, la falta de mujeres prestadoras de servicios de salud y maestras, y la imposibilidad de acceder a los servicios de aborto. El estigma es un factor transversal en varios niveles. Nuestros hallazgos indican la necesidad de formular estrategias de múltiples niveles para abordar estos factores con el fin de mejorar la SSR de las adolescentes.
Keywords: Adolescent girls; qualitative; rural Nepal; sexual and reproductive health.
Conflict of interest statement
WW conceived the study and serves as guarantor for the work. The study grew out of discussions between WW, SM, A. Thapa, DC, and AG. WW, A. Tiwari, DC, RK, SH, S. Sapkota, and SM contributed to developing and refining the study tools. AB, A. Thapa, BB, HJR, SK, S. Saud, and YK supported the participant recruitment strategy and coordination of study interviews and focus group discussions. A. Tiwari conducted the qualitative data collection. A. Tiwari and WW coded and analyzed the data with support from DC and SM. A. Tiwari, WW, and SM drafted the manuscript. AG and RV reviewed and provided expert feedback for the manuscript. All authors reviewed, provided feedback, and approved the final manuscript.
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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