Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Dec;56(24):1454-1464.
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105510. Epub 2022 Jun 13.

What tests should be used to assess functional performance in youth and young adults following anterior cruciate ligament or meniscal injury? A systematic review of measurement properties for the OPTIKNEE consensus

Bjørnar Berg  1   2 , Anouk P Urhausen  3 , Britt Elin Øiestad  4 , Jackie L Whittaker  5   6 , Adam G Culvenor  7 , Ewa M Roos  8 , Kay M Crossley  7 , Carsten B Juhl  8   9 , May Arna Risberg  10   3
Affiliations

What tests should be used to assess functional performance in youth and young adults following anterior cruciate ligament or meniscal injury? A systematic review of measurement properties for the OPTIKNEE consensus

Bjørnar Berg et al. Br J Sports Med. 2022 Dec.

Abstract

Objectives: To critically appraise and summarise measurement properties of functional performance tests in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or meniscal injury.

Design: Systematic review.

Data sources: Systematic searches were performed in Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO) and SPORTSDiscus (EBSCO) on 7 July 2021.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Studies evaluating at least one measurement property of a functional performance test including individuals following an ACL tear or meniscal injury with a mean injury age of ≤30 years. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments Risk of Bias checklist was used to assess methodological quality. A modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation assessed evidence quality.

Results: Thirty studies evaluating 26 functional performance tests following ACL injury were included. No studies were found in individuals with an isolated meniscal injury. Included studies evaluated reliability (n=5), measurement error (n=3), construct validity (n=26), structural validity (n=1) and responsiveness (n=1). The Single Leg Hop and Crossover Hop tests showed sufficient intrarater reliability (high and moderate quality evidence, respectively), construct validity (low-quality and moderate-quality evidence, respectively) and responsiveness (low-quality evidence).

Conclusion: Frequently used functional performance tests for individuals with ACL or meniscal injury lack evidence supporting their measurement properties. The Single Leg Hop and Crossover Hop are currently the most promising tests following ACL injury. High-quality studies are required to facilitate stronger recommendations of performance-based outcomes following ACL or meniscal injury.

Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament; knee.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: JLW and AGC are Associate Editors of the British Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM). JLW is an Editor with the Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. KMC is a senior advisor of BJSM, project leader of the Good Life with Osteoarthritis from Denmark (GLA:D)-Australia a not-for profit initiative to implement clinical guidelines in primary care, and holds a research grant from Levin Health outside the submitted work. CBJ an Associate Editor of Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. ER is Deputy Editor of Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, developer of Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and several other freely available patient-reported outcome measures, and founder of the GLA:D). All other authors declare no competing interests.

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources