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. 2022 Jun 13;12(1):9747.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13566-7.

Audience effect on domestic dogs' behavioural displays and facial expressions

Giulia Pedretti  1   2 , Chiara Canori  3 , Sarah Marshall-Pescini  4 , Rupert Palme  5 , Annalisa Pelosi  3 , Paola Valsecchi  6   3
Affiliations

Audience effect on domestic dogs' behavioural displays and facial expressions

Giulia Pedretti et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

In the present study we investigated the influence of positive and negative arousal situations and the presence of an audience on dogs' behavioural displays and facial expressions. We exposed dogs to positive anticipation, non-social frustration and social frustration evoking test sessions and measured pre and post-test salivary cortisol concentrations. Cortisol concentration did not increase during the tests and there was no difference in pre or post-test concentrations in the different test conditions, excluding a different level of arousal. Displacement behaviours of "looking away" and "sniffing the environment" occurred more in the frustration-evoking situations compared to the positive anticipation and were correlated with cortisol concentrations. "Ears forward" occurred more in the positive anticipation condition compared to the frustration-evoking conditions, was positively influenced by the presence of an audience, and negatively correlated to the pre-test cortisol concentrations, suggesting it may be a good indicator of dogs' level of attention. "Ears flattener", "blink", "nose lick", "tail wagging" and "whining" were associated with the presence of an audience but were not correlated to cortisol concentrations, suggesting a communicative component of these visual displays. These findings are a first step to systematically test which subtle cues could be considered communicative signals in domestic dogs.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Facial expressions that occurred significantly more in the positive anticipation compared to the frustration non-social (in green) and facial expressions that occurred significantly more in the frustration social compared to the frustration non-social condition (in red). An example of a shepherd type and hunting type dog are depicted.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Set up of the room used for the tests.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Experimental apparatus, (A) experimenter position during the frustration social condition, (B) experimenter position during the frustration non-social and positive anticipation condition.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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