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. 2022 Apr;15(4):1044-1050.
doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1044-1050. Epub 2022 Apr 24.

Selection signatures and formation of the Samosir goat breed through the cultures of the Batak Toba Tribe in Samosir Island, Indonesia

Suhendra Pakpahan  1 , Rini Widayanti  2 , Wayan T Artama  2
Affiliations

Selection signatures and formation of the Samosir goat breed through the cultures of the Batak Toba Tribe in Samosir Island, Indonesia

Suhendra Pakpahan et al. Vet World. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

Background and aim: The Samosir goat has a high cultural value and is a source of germplasm in Indonesia. This study aimed to reveal the history and selection signatures of the Samosir goat.

Materials and methods: A total of 25 goats were divided into seven subpopulations of Indonesian goat breeds. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from blood samples was isolated with the use of the gSYNC™ DNA Mini Kit (Geneaid, Taipei, Taiwan). Cytb gene amplification was performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and the PCR products were sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using MEGA 11 software. A questionnaire was used to collect information related to the history and breeding practices of the Samosir goat on Samosir Island.

Results: Samosir goats are divided into four groups based on their coat color: Completely white, white with brown spots, white with black spots, and white with brown and black spots. The body form of the Samosir goat is similar to that of the Kacang goat. The space below a traditional Toba Batak house is used as a goat pen. The genetic difference between the Samosir goat and the Kacang goat based on the Cytb gene was approximately 0.1%.

Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis between Samosir goats and other indigenous Indonesian goats revealed that Samosir goats form a single clade, with a very close genetic distance from other local goats, such as the Kacang goat. The Toba Batak culture on Samosir Island has significantly influenced the selection and formation of the Samosir goat breed.

Keywords: Batak tribe; Samosir goat; ethnobiology; mitochondrial DNA; phylogenetic analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure-1
Figure-1
Map of Samosir Regency and Samosir goat distribution. The OpenStreetMap provides free geographic data and is available under the Open Database License [https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright].
Figure-2
Figure-2
Group of Samosir goats based on coat colors, white (a), white-brown (b), white-black (c), and white-brown-black (d).
Figure-3
Figure-3
The Batak Toba house and Samosir goat breeding, custom house (a), home yard (b), and underneath the house as a goat pen.
Figure-4
Figure-4
The ritual of offering white goats to Mula Jadi Na Bolon (God Almighty).
Figure-5
Figure-5
One of the Parmalim religious rites (Sipaha Lima).
Figure-6
Figure-6
Phylogenetic tree of Samosir goat and other Indonesian local goat breeds.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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