Shift Work Disorder Index: initial validation and psychosocial associations in a sample of nurses

Abstract

Study objectives: Shift work is common yet does not always result in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)-defined shift work sleep disorder (SWD). This study reports on the reliability and validity of the DSM-5 informed Shift Work Disorder Index (SWDI), the presence of probable SWD in nurses, and demographic, sleep, and psychosocial correlates.

Methods: Nurses (n = 454) completed the SWDI, psychosocial, and demographic questionnaires. Of the sample, n = 400 completed 14 days of sleep diaries, actigraphy, and additional questionnaires.

Results: The global SWDI demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = .94), as well as good convergent and divergent validity in the nurse sample. Thirty-one percent of nurses were past-month shift workers, with 14% (ie, 44% of shift workers) having probable SWD based on SWDI. Nurses who worked shift work and/or met SWD criteria were more likely to be younger and unmarried and less likely to have children than day workers and reported greater evening chronotype, insomnia, nightmares, and sleep-related impairment, greater depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and perceived stress symptoms, as well as later and more variable sleep midpoint (actigraphy), shorter sleep duration (actigraphy, diaries), and lower sleep efficiency (diaries).

Conclusions: The SWDI is an efficient and valid self-report assessment of DSM-5-defined SWD. Shift work and/or SWD were prevalent and associated with worse sleep and psychosocial health, particularly among nurses with probable SWD.

Citation: Taylor DJ, Dietch JR, Wardle-Pinkston S, et al. Shift Work Disorder Index: initial validation and psychosocial associations in a sample of nurses. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(10):2339-2351.

Keywords: anxiety; depression; insomnia; nurse; posttraumatic stress; shift work; sleep; stress.