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Review
. 2022 Apr 27:13:78.
doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_105_20. eCollection 2022.

Social, Economic, Technological, and Environmental Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis

Gisoo Alizadeh  1 , Kamal Gholipour  2 , Saber Azami-Aghdash  3 , Reza Dehnavieh  4 , Mohammad Asghari JafarAbadi  5   6 , Mehrdad Azmin  7 , Rahim Khodayari-Zarnaq  1   3
Affiliations
Review

Social, Economic, Technological, and Environmental Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis

Gisoo Alizadeh et al. Int J Prev Med. .

Abstract

Background: Today, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in both sexes. There are several risk factors for heart diseases; some controllable, others not. However, socioeconomic, technological, and environmental factors can impact CVD as well as exclusive risk factors. Accurate identification and assessment of these factors are often difficult. In the present systematic review, we aimed to explore factors affecting CVD.

Methods: Multiple databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane) and gray literature were searched. The included studies described at least one determinant of CVD. The framework method was applied to analyze the qualitative data.

Results: A total of 64 studies from 26 countries were included. The contextual determinants of CVD were categorized into 45 determinants, 15 factors, and 4 main social, economic, technological, and environmental categories. The 15 potentially reversible factors were identified as sociodemographic, violence, smoking, occupation, positive childhood experience, social inequalities, psychological distress, eating habits, neighborhood, family income, rapid technology, environmental pollution, living environments, noise, and disaster.

Conclusions: Devolution and more efficient health policies are required to achieve further sustained reduction in CVD mortality, increase life expectancy, and reduce its associated risk factors. Policymakers should fully address the value of social, economic, technological, and environmental factors. In fact, a prevention agenda should be developed and updated collaboratively in terms of the determinant factors.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; economic; environmental; health system; social; technology.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA Flow diagram of the included studies
Figure 2
Figure 2
Conceptual relationships between categories, factors, determinants, and cardiovascular disease
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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