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. 2022 May 31:13:814362.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814362. eCollection 2022.

Worldwide Occurrence of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders and Its Associated Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Yosef Zenebe  1 , Mogesie Necho  1 , Wondwosen Yimam  2 , Baye Akele  3
Affiliations

Worldwide Occurrence of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders and Its Associated Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Yosef Zenebe et al. Front Psychiatry. .

Abstract

Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders are common in people living with HIV/AIDS and affect the adherence of patients to prescriptions, activities of daily living, and quality of life of patients. However, there is a lack of summative evidence in the area. The present meta-analysis was therefore addressing this gap.

Methods: We did our electronic search in Psych-Info, EMBASE, Scopus, and PubMed. The retrieved articles were stored with the endnote reference manager and data was extracted using Meta-XL version 5.3. The quality of studies was evaluated with the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A random-effect model and STATA-16 were used to compute the average estimate of HAND. Heterogeneity was weighed with I2 statistics. A sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were employed. The existence/nonexistence of a publication bias was checked with the Eggers test of publication bias.

Results: The average prevalence of HAND was 50.41% (95% CI: 45.56, 55.26). The average estimate of HAND in Europe was found to be 50.015% whereas in Africa, Asia, and the United States of America (USA) it was 49.566, 52.032, and 50.407% respectively. The prevalence of HAND in studies that used the HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) was 36.883% and 59.956% at cutoff points of IHDS <9.5 and IHDS <10 respectively. Besides, the estimated average of HAND with the global dementia scale (GDS) was 40.766%. The prevalence of HAND in cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies was 49.52, 54.087, and 44.45% in that order. Socio-demographic variables; low level of education and older age, clinical and HIV related variables; the advanced stage of the illness and CD4 count of 500 cells/dl or less and psychological variables such as comorbidity of depression increases the risk of HAND.

Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders was about 50.41%. Low level of education and older age, clinical and HIV related variables such as the advanced stage of the illness and CD4 count of 500 cells/dl or less, and comorbidity of depression were associated with HIV associated neurocognitive disorders. Public health interventions for HIV patients should target these essential problems.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS; hand; meta-analysis; wide; world.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow chart for the review search process.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A forest plot for the prevalence od HIV associated neurocognitive disorders.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A subgroup analysis for the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders based on country of study origin.
Figure 4
Figure 4
A subgroup analysis for the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders based on study tools.
Figure 5
Figure 5
A subgroup analysis for the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders based on country of study tools.
Figure 6
Figure 6
A funnel plot for the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders.
Figure 7
Figure 7
A forest plot for the pooled odds ratio of associated between old age and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.
Figure 8
Figure 8
A forest plot for the pooled odds ratio of associated between advanced stage of AIDS and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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