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. 2022 Jun 17;6(6):CD014945.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014945.pub2.

SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19

Caroline Hirsch  1 , Yun Soo Park  1 , Vanessa Piechotta  1 , Khai Li Chai  2 , Lise J Estcourt  3 , Ina Monsef  1 , Susanne Salomon  4 , Erica M Wood  2 , Cynthia So-Osman  5 , Zoe McQuilten  2 , Christoph D Spinner  6 , Jakob J Malin  7   8 , Miriam Stegemann  9 , Nicole Skoetz  1 , Nina Kreuzberger  1
Affiliations

SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19

Caroline Hirsch et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-produced molecules derived from the B cells of an infected host. They are being investigated as potential prophylaxis to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Objectives: To assess the effects of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs, including mAb fragments, to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19; and to maintain the currency of the evidence, using a living systematic review approach.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, MEDLINE, Embase, and three other databases on 27 April 2022. We checked references, searched citations, and contacted study authors to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs, including mAb fragments, alone or combined, versus an active comparator, placebo, or no intervention, for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) of COVID-19. We excluded studies of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs to treat COVID-19, as these are part of another review.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed search results, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2. Prioritised outcomes were infection with SARS-CoV-2, development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms, all-cause mortality, admission to hospital, quality of life, adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). We rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE.

Main results: We included four RCTs of 9749 participants who were previously uninfected and unvaccinated at baseline. Median age was 42 to 76 years. Around 20% to 77.5% of participants in the PrEP studies and 35% to 100% in the PEP studies had at least one risk factor for severe COVID-19. At baseline, 72.8% to 82.2% were SARS-CoV-2 antibody seronegative. We identified four ongoing studies, and two studies awaiting classification. Pre-exposure prophylaxis Tixagevimab/cilgavimab versus placebo One study evaluated tixagevimab/cilgavimab versus placebo in participants exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Alpha, Beta, and Delta variant. About 39.3% of participants were censored for efficacy due to unblinding and 13.8% due to vaccination. Within six months, tixagevimab/cilgavimab probably decreases infection with SARS-CoV-2 (risk ratio (RR) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29 to 0.70; 4685 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), decreases development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (RR 0.18, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.35; 5172 participants; high-certainty evidence), and may decrease admission to hospital (RR 0.03, 95% CI 0 to 0.59; 5197 participants; low-certainty evidence). Tixagevimab/cilgavimab may result in little to no difference on mortality within six months, all-grade AEs, and SAEs (low-certainty evidence). Quality of life was not reported. Casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo One study evaluated casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo in participants who may have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Alpha, and Delta variant. About 36.5% of participants opted for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and had a mean of 66.1 days between last dose of intervention and vaccination. Within six months, casirivimab/imdevimab may decrease infection with SARS-CoV-2 (RR 0.01, 95% CI 0 to 0.14; 825 seronegative participants; low-certainty evidence) and may decrease development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (RR 0.02, 95% CI 0 to 0.27; 969 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether casirivimab/imdevimab affects mortality regardless of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody serostatus. Casirivimab/imdevimab may increase all-grade AEs slightly (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.31; 969 participants; low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effects on grade 3 to 4 AEs and SAEs within six months. Admission to hospital and quality of life were not reported. Postexposure prophylaxis Bamlanivimab versus placebo One study evaluated bamlanivimab versus placebo in participants who may have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type. Bamlanivimab probably decreases infection with SARS-CoV-2 versus placebo by day 29 (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.98; 966 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), may result in little to no difference on all-cause mortality by day 60 (R 0.83, 95% CI 0.25 to 2.70; 966 participants; low-certainty evidence), may increase all-grade AEs by week eight (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.46; 966 participants; low-certainty evidence), and may increase slightly SAEs (RR 1.46, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.91; 966 participants; low-certainty evidence). Development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms, admission to hospital within 30 days, and quality of life were not reported. Casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo One study evaluated casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo in participants who may have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Alpha, and potentially, but less likely to Delta variant. Within 30 days, casirivimab/imdevimab decreases infection with SARS-CoV-2 (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.48; 1505 participants; high-certainty evidence), development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (broad-term definition) (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.35; 1505 participants; high-certainty evidence), may result in little to no difference on mortality (RR 3.00, 95% CI 0.12 to 73.43; 1505 participants; low-certainty evidence), and may result in little to no difference in admission to hospital. Casirivimab/imdevimab may slightly decrease grade 3 to 4 AEs (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.02; 2617 participants; low-certainty evidence), decreases all-grade AEs (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.80; 2617 participants; high-certainty evidence), and may result in little to no difference on SAEs in participants regardless of SARS-CoV-2 antibody serostatus. Quality of life was not reported.

Authors' conclusions: For PrEP, there is a decrease in development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (high certainty), infection with SARS-CoV-2 (moderate certainty), and admission to hospital (low certainty) with tixagevimab/cilgavimab. There is low certainty of a decrease in infection with SARS-CoV-2, and development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms; and a higher rate for all-grade AEs with casirivimab/imdevimab. For PEP, there is moderate certainty of a decrease in infection with SARS-CoV-2 and low certainty for a higher rate for all-grade AEs with bamlanivimab. There is high certainty of a decrease in infection with SARS-CoV-2, development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms, and a higher rate for all-grade AEs with casirivimab/imdevimab. Although there is high-to-moderate certainty evidence for some outcomes, it is insufficient to draw meaningful conclusions. These findings only apply to people unvaccinated against COVID-19. They are only applicable to the variants prevailing during the study and not other variants (e.g. Omicron). In vitro, tixagevimab/cilgavimab is effective against Omicron, but there are no clinical data. Bamlanivimab and casirivimab/imdevimab are ineffective against Omicron in vitro. Further studies are needed and publication of four ongoing studies may resolve the uncertainties.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04497987 NCT04519437 NCT04452318 NCT04625725 NCT04518410 NCT04501978 NCT04427501 NCT04634409 NCT04545060 NCT04602000 NCT04593641 NCT04411628 NCT04426695 NCT04666441 NCT04931238 NCT04790786 NCT04381936 NCT04425629 NCT04333732 NCT04894474 NCT04625972 NCT04859517 NCT05142527 NCT05184062.

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Conflict of interest statement

CH: is Managing Editor at Cochrane Haematology.

YSP: is a member of staff at Cochrane Haematology.

VP: is former Managing Editor at Cochrane Haematology.

KLC: none.

LJE: is a consultant haematologist for NHS Blood and Transplant (received funds or grants) and Co‐ordinating Editor of Cochrane Haematology.

SS: I have participated in a study funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (NaFoUniMedCovid19, funding number: 01KX2021; part of the project "COVIM" on kinetics and correlates of the neutralising antibody response to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in humans. (DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.015)). In this review, I was not involved in risk of bias assessment, data extraction, or interpretation, but served as content expert.

IM: is Information Specialist at Cochrane Haematology.

EMW: none.

CS‐O: has declared to be employed by the not‐for‐profit Sanquin Blood Bank; the Blood Bank provides the plasma as raw material for the production of hyperIG by another division of Sanquin named Prothya.

ZM: is a haematologist at Monash University.

CDS: reports grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Janssen‐Cilag, MSD, and ViiV Healthcare; grants from Cepheid; grants, personal fees, and non‐financial support from Gilead Sciences; other from Apeiron and Eli Lilly; personal fees and non‐financial support from BBraun Melsungen; personal fees from AbbVie, BioNtech, Eli Lilly, Formycon, GSK, Molecular partners, MSD; Roche; SOBI during the conduct of the study, and Synairgen, outside the submitted work.

JJM: is an independent contractor for Atriva Therapeutics GMBH (received funds) and Gilead Sciences (received funds and travel).

MS: is an Infectious Diseases specialist at Charité University Hospital Berlin, Germany.

NS: none known; she is Co‐ordinating Editor of Cochrane Haematology, but was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

NK: is a member of staff at Cochrane Haematology.

The authors CH, YSP, VP, LJE, NS, and NK are affiliated with Cochrane Haematology but are not otherwise involved with the editorial process.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram. mAb: monoclonal antibody; RCT: randomised controlled trial.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Tixagevimab/cilgavimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 1: Infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 within 6 months
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Tixagevimab/cilgavimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 2: Development of clinical COVID‐19 symptoms within 6 months
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Tixagevimab/cilgavimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 3: All‐cause mortality within 6 months
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Tixagevimab/cilgavimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 4: Admission to hospital within 6 months
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Tixagevimab/cilgavimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 5: Adverse events: all grade within 6 months
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Tixagevimab/cilgavimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 6: Serious adverse events within 6 months
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 1: Infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 within 6 months
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 2: Development of clinical COVID‐19 symptoms within 6 months
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 3: All‐cause mortality within 6 months
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 4: Adverse events: grade 3 to 4 within 6 months
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 5: Adverse events: all grade within 6 months
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (pre‐exposure prophylaxis), Outcome 6: Serious adverse events within 6 months
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bamlanivimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 1: Infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 by day 30
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bamlanivimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality by day 60
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bamlanivimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 3: Adverse events: all grade
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Bamlanivimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 4: Serious adverse events
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 1: Infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 by day 30
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 2: Development of clinical COVID‐19 symptoms (broad‐term)
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 3: All‐cause mortality by day 30
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 4: Admission to hospital by day 30
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 5: Adverse events: grade 3 to 4
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 6: Adverse events: all grade
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4: Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo to prevent COVID‐19 (postexposure prophylaxis), Outcome 7: Serious adverse events
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014945

References

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BLAZE‐1 {published data only}
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NCT04426695 {published data only}
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NCT04666441 {published data only}
    1. Davis J, Turner K, Ganguly S, Hassan H, Irvin S, Partridge M, et al. P-049. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of casirivimab and imdevimab in a dose-ranging study in outpatients with COVID-19. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2022;111:S5-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2521] - DOI
    1. Portal-Celhay C, Forleo-Neto E, Eagan W, Musser BJ, Davis JD, Turner KC, et al. Phase 2 dose-ranging study of the virologic efficacy and safety of the combination COVID-19 antibodies casirivimab and imdevimab in the outpatient setting. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.09.21265912] - DOI
NCT04931238 {published data only}
    1. Dong R, Jiang L, Yang T, Wang C, Zhang Y, Chen X, et al. Efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody JS016 in hospitalized Chinese patients with COVID-19: a phase 2/3, multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled trial. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2022;66(3):e02045-21. [DOI: 10.1128/aac.02045-21] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
OPTIMISE‐C19 {published data only}
    1. Huang ST, McCreary EK, Bariola JR, Minnier TE, Wadas RJ, Shovel JA, et al. Effectiveness of casirivimab and imdevimab, and sotrovimab during Delta variant surge: a prospective cohort study and comparative effectiveness randomized trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.23.21268244] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Huang T, McCreary EK, Bariola JR, Wadas RJ, Kip KE, Marroquin OC, et al. The UPMC OPTIMISE-C19 (OPtimizing Treatment and Impact of Monoclonal antIbodieS through Evaluation for COVID-19) trial: a structured summary of a study protocol for an open-label, pragmatic, comparative effectiveness platform trial with response-adaptive randomization. Trials 2021;22:363. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05316-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. McCreary EK, Bariola JR, Minnier T, Wadas RJ, Shovel JA, Albin D, et al. A learning health system randomized trial of monoclonal antibodies for Covid-19. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.03.21262551] - DOI
    1. McCreary EK, Bariola JR, Minnier T, Wadas RJ, Shovel JA, Albin D, et al. Launching a comparative effectiveness adaptive platform trial of monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 in 21 days. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2022;113:106652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106652] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RECOVERY {published data only}
    1. Horby PW, Mafham M, Peto L, Campbell M, Pessoa-Amorim G, Spata E, et al. Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.15.21258542] - DOI
Weinreich {published data only}
    1. Ganguly S, Turner K, Davis J, Hassan H, Irvin S, Partridge M, et al. P-061. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of casirivimab and imdevimab in outpatients with COVID-19. American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2022;111:S5-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2521] - DOI
    1. Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, et al. REGEN-COV antibody cocktail clinical outcomes study in COVID-19 outpatients. medRxiv [Preprint]. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.19.21257469] - DOI
    1. Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, et al. REGEN-COV antibody cocktail in outpatients with COVID-19. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.09.21257915] - DOI
    1. Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, et al. REGEN-COV antibody combination and outcomes in outpatients with Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine 2021;385(23):e81. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2108163] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, et al. REGN-COV2, a neutralizing antibody cocktail, in outpatients with COVID-19. New England Journal of Medicine 2020;384:238-51. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

CROWN CORONATION {published data only}EUCTR2020‐001402‐38‐GBISRCTN99916292PACTR202101794986980
    1. NCT04333732. CROWN CORONATION: COVID-19 research outcomes worldwide network for CORONAvirus prevenTION (CROWN CORONA). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04333732 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04894474 {published data only}
    1. NCT04894474. A study to test whether BI 767551 can prevent COVID-19 in people who have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04894474 (first received 20 May 2021).

References to ongoing studies

NCT04625972 {published data only}
    1. NCT04625972. Phase III double-blind, placebo-controlled study of AZD7442 for post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in adults (STORM CHASER). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT04625972 (first received 12 November 2020).
NCT04859517 {published data only}
    1. NCT04859517. Evaluation of ADG20 for the prevention of COVID-19 (EVADE). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT04859517 (first received 26 April 2021).
NCT05142527 {published data only}
    1. NCT05142527. Study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a monoclonal antibody cocktail for the prevention of COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05142527 (first received 2 December 2021).
NCT05184062 {published data only}
    1. NCT05184062. A study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of AZD7442 in Chinese adults. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05184062 (first received 11 January 2022).

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References to other published versions of this review

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