Incidence, Treatment, and Outcomes of Coronary Artery Perforation During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Abstract

Objectives: To examine the incidence, treatment and outcomes of perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Background: Coronary perforation is a potentially life-threatening PCI complication.

Methods: We examined the clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics, management, and outcomes of coronary perforation at a tertiary care institution.

Results: Between 2014 and 2019, perforation occurred in 70 of 10,278 PCIs (0.7%). Patient age was 71 ± 12 years, 66% were men, and 30% had prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Among perforation cases, the prevalence of chronic total occlusions was 33%, moderate/severe calcification was 66% and moderate/severe tortuosity was 41%. The frequency of Ellis class 1, 2, and 3 perforations was 14%, 50%, and 36%, respectively. Most (n = 51; 73%) were large vessel perforations, 16 (23%) were distal vessel perforations and 3 (4%) were collateral vessel perforations (1 septal and 2 epicardial). Hypotension occurred in 26%, pericardial effusion in 36% and tamponade in 13%; 47% of perforations did not have clinical consequences. Perforations were most often treated with prolonged balloon inflation (63%), reversal of anticoagulation (39%), and covered stent implantation (33%). Technical and procedural success were 73% and 60%, respectively, and major periprocedural adverse cardiac events occurred in 21% of the patients. Three patients (4%) required emergent CABG surgery and four (6%) died.

Conclusions: Coronary perforation is an infrequent complication of PCI. Most perforations are large vessel perforations and often require further intervention. The incidence of death or emergent cardiac surgery is low.

Keywords: coronary perforation; percutaneous coronary intervention.