Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Jun 2:67:1604882.
doi: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604882. eCollection 2022.

Analysis of Climate and Income-Related Factors for High Regional Child Drowning Mortality in China

Yi Huang  1 , Hujing Shi  1 , Xiaoxiao Liu  1 , Xianjing Lu  1 , Jin Zhang  2   3
Affiliations

Analysis of Climate and Income-Related Factors for High Regional Child Drowning Mortality in China

Yi Huang et al. Int J Public Health. .

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the relationship between regional climatic factors and child drowning in China. Methods: Provincial age-specific drowning rate, climatic and income data were collected. We conducted a geographically weighted regression to evaluate the association between drowning and climatic factors. A generalized additive model was used to comprise a bivariate term with which to investigate the interaction of environmental risk factors and whether such interactions influence drowning mortality. Results: In southern China, an abundance of water systems and increased precipitation, as well as hotter and longer summers, lead to significantly higher drowning compared with that in northern China. Long summers and low economic performance in parts of Xinjiang were key factors for its high drowning mortality rate. Linear and nonlinear joint effects were observed between the risk factors of drowning. Conclusion: Different regions should use adaptive measures to reduce drowning risks, for example, communication campaigns during the summer period or when the weather changes.

Keywords: child drowning; climate; northern China; precipitation; southern China; temperature.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Distribution of standardized and age-specific mortality rates of drowning (1/100,000) (China, 1990 and 2013).
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Distribution of provincial precipitation, temperature in July, duration of summer, population density, water systems, and per capita income (China, 2013 and 2015).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Simulated drowning mortality rate in China with climatic factors (precipitation, proximity to water, frequency of temperature >25°C, and per capita income) (China, 1990 and 2013).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Bivariate response surfaces of each factor and standardized drowning mortality rate (in logarithmic form) (China, 2013).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. World Health Organization. Global Report on Drowning: A Leading Killer. Geneva: World Health Organization; (2014).
    1. Wang L, Cheng X, Yin P, Cheng P, Liu Y, Schwebel DC, et al. Unintentional Drowning Mortality in China, 2006-2013. Inj Prev (2019) 25:47–51. 10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042713 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Claesson A, Krig A, Jonsson M, Ringh M, Svensson L, Forsberg S, et al. Incidence and Characteristics of Drowning in Sweden during a 15-year Period. Resuscitation (2021) 162:11–9. 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.028 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Alkhalaf H, Zuraie M, Alqahtani RN, Alghamdi M, Afif AB, Alqahtani FJ, et al. The Epidemiology of Drowning Among Saudi Children: Results from a Large Trauma Center. Ann Saudi Med (2021) 41:157–64. 10.5144/0256-4947.2021.157 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Roberts K, Thom O, Devine S, Leggat PA, Peden AE, Franklin RC. A Scoping Review of Female Drowning: an Underexplored Issue in Five High-Income Countries. BMC Public Health (2021) 21:1072. 10.1186/s12889-021-10920-8 - DOI - PMC - PubMed