Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Dec;51(8):1189-1195.
doi: 10.1177/14034948221104351. Epub 2022 Jun 19.

Contribution of smoking change to 45-year trend in prevalence of chronic bronchitis in Finland

Ville A Vartiainen  1   2   3 , Pekka Jousilahti  1 , Tiina Laatikainen  1   4   5 , Erkki Vartiainen  1
Affiliations

Contribution of smoking change to 45-year trend in prevalence of chronic bronchitis in Finland

Ville A Vartiainen et al. Scand J Public Health. 2023 Dec.

Abstract

Aims: Tobacco smoking has been identified as the most important risk factor of chronic bronchitis. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of smoking to the trends in prevalence of chronic bronchitis among men and women in Finland.

Methods: For this purpose, we analysed questionnaires included in national FINRISK and FinHealth studies conducted between 1972 and 2017 in 5-year intervals. A total of 26,475 men and 28,684 women aged 30-59 years were included in the analysis. In addition to smoking, age and socioeconomic status were used as risk factors in the logistic regression model.

Results: Smoking in Finland has declined from 51% to 23% in men between 1972 and 2017. In women, it increased from 11% in 1972 to 23% in 2002, with a following decrease to 16% in 2017. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis has generally followed the trend of smoking. The population attributable risk was 60% in men and 49% in women. A decrease in chronic bronchitis was observed in male never-smokers.

Conclusions: Smoking is currently declining in Finland in both men and women. As result, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis is declining and it is approaching baseline independent of smoking. The decrease in never-smokers has yet to be explained.

Keywords: Tobacco smoking; chronic bronchitis; epidemiology.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Prevalence of chronic bronchitis (CB), smoking and fraction of CB not explained by smoking according to attributable risk. The prevalence of CB not explained by smoking is defined as (100-AR) × prevalence, where AR is the attributable risk to smoking.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Mejza F, Gnatiuc L, Buist AS, et al. Prevalence and burden of chronic bronchitis symptoms: results from the BOLD study. Eur Respir J 2017;50:1700621. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00621-2017. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pelkonen M, Notkola I-L, Nissinen A, et al. Thirty-year cumulative incidence of chronic bronchitis and COPD in relation to 30-year pulmonary function and 40-year mortality: a follow-up in middle-aged rural men. Chest 2006;130:1129–1137. DOI: 10.1378/chest.130.4.1129. - PubMed
    1. Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Venker C, et al. Chronic bronchitis before age 50 years predicts incident airflow limitation and mortality risk. Thorax 2009;64:894–900. DOI: 10.1136/thx.2008.110619. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lange P, Parner J, Prescott E, et al. Chronic bronchitis in an elderly population. Age Ageing 2003;32:636–642. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afg108. - PubMed
    1. Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J, et al. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis and the risk of coronary disease. Lancet (London, England) 1996;348:567–572. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02374-4. - PubMed