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Review
. 2022 Jun 1;8(6):595.
doi: 10.3390/jof8060595.

A Panoramic View on Grapevine Trunk Diseases Threats: Case of Eutypa Dieback, Botryosphaeria Dieback, and Esca Disease

Jihane Kenfaoui  1   2 , Nabil Radouane  1   2 , Mohammed Mennani  1 , Abdessalem Tahiri  1 , Lahsen El Ghadraoui  2 , Zineb Belabess  3 , Florence Fontaine  4 , Hajar El Hamss  1 , Said Amiri  1 , Rachid Lahlali  1 , Essaid Ait Barka  4
Affiliations
Review

A Panoramic View on Grapevine Trunk Diseases Threats: Case of Eutypa Dieback, Botryosphaeria Dieback, and Esca Disease

Jihane Kenfaoui et al. J Fungi (Basel). .

Abstract

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are currently one of the most devastating and challenging diseases in viticulture, leading to considerable yield losses and a remarkable decline in grapevine quality. The identification of the causal agents is the cornerstone of an efficient approach to fighting against fungal diseases in a sustainable, non-chemical manner. This review attempts to describe and expose the symptoms of each pathology related to GTD, the modes of transmission, and the harmfulness of recently reported agents. Special attention was given to new diagnostic tests and technologies, grapevine defense mechanisms, molecular mechanisms of endophytes fungal colonization, and management strategies used to control these threats. The present extended review is, therefore, an updated state-of-the-art report on the progress in the management of vineyards.

Keywords: biological control; fungus; phytosanitary problems; vine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors of this work declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Global distribution of grapevine trunk diseases.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Perithecia materializing the presence of the fungus on the arm of the vine; (b) typical symptoms of eutypiosis on the wood (V-shaped necrotic zone); (c) ascospores of Eutypa lata; (d) cottony white mycelium characteristic of E. lata.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The life cycle of the fungus causing grapevine trunk disease.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Leaf symptoms of esca on grapevine; (b) necrosis observed in affected vines (A. white rot; L. interaction zone (border) located between white rot and healthy wood; P. black spots; S. sectorial necrosis; B. healthy wood); (c) morphological characteristics of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora; (d) globular chlamydospores formed within the mycelium; (e) morphological characteristic of Phaeoacremonium minimum; (f) conidiophore and hyaline conidia, oblong-ellipsoid to an allantoid characteristic of P. minimum.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Characteristic symptoms of Botryosphaeria dieback leading to leaf fall; (b) detail brown band and vessels obstructed by yellowish material; (c) grey sectorial necrosis; (d–f) appearance of the mycelia of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botryosphaeria stevensii and Neofusicoccum parvum after 7 days incubation; (g–i) aspects of conidia of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botryosphaeria stevensii and Neofusicoccum parvum, respectively.
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