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. 2022 Jun 17;10(6):333.
doi: 10.3390/toxics10060333.

Short-Term Associations between PM10 and Respiratory Health Effects in Visby, Sweden

Andreas Tornevi  1 , Henrik Olstrup  1 , Bertil Forsberg  1
Affiliations

Short-Term Associations between PM10 and Respiratory Health Effects in Visby, Sweden

Andreas Tornevi et al. Toxics. .

Abstract

The old Swedish city Visby, located on the island Gotland, has, for several years, reported higher PM10 concentrations than any other city in Sweden. In Visby, local limestone is used, both in road paving and as sand used for anti-slip measures, resulting in a clear annual pattern of PM10 with the highest concentrations during winter/spring when studded tires are allowed. This study analyzes the short-term associations between PM10 and daily number of patients with acute respiratory problems (ICD-10 diagnoses: J00-J99) seeking care at the hospital or primary healthcare units in Visby during the period of 2013-2019. The daily mean of PM10 was on average 45 µg m-3 during winter/spring and 18 µg m-3 during summer/autumn. Four outcome categories were analyzed using quasi-Poisson regression models, stratifying for period and adjusting for calendar variables and weather. An increase in respiratory visits was associated with increasing concentrations in PM10 during the summer/autumn period, most prominent among children, where asthma visits increased by 5% (95% CI: 2-9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase in PM10. For the winter/spring period, no significant effects were observed, except for the diagnose group 'upper airways' in adults, where respiratory visits increased by 1% (95% CI: 0.1-1.9%) per 10 µg m-3 increase. According to the results, limestone in particles seem to be relatively harmless at the exposure concentrations observed in Visby, and this is in line with the results from a few experimental and occupational studies.

Keywords: PM10; Visby; asthma; emergency department visits; limestone; respiratory health effects; road dust.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Daily mean values of PM10 (µg m−3) in Visby during the period of 2013–2019.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The relative increase (RR with 95% CI) in respiratory visits at all healthcare units in Visby associated with a 10 µg m−3 increase in PM10 during the period of 2013–2019. All ages at the top, children (0–17 years) in the middle, and adults (>17 years) at the bottom. These analyses are divided into all respiratory diseases (ICD-10: J), upper airways (ICD-10: J0, J3), lower airways (ICD-10: J1, J4), and asthma (ICD-10: J45, J46) during winter/spring (January–April) and summer/autumn (May–December).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The relative increase (RR with 95% CI) in respiratory visits (all ages) in Visby with concentrations in PM10 (lag 01) estimated with regression models allowing for non-linear associations. These analyses are divided into “all respiratory diseases”, “upper airways”, “lower airways”, and “asthma” during winter/spring (January–April) and summer/autumn (May–December).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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