Oxidative Stress Parameters as Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease towards the Development and Progression

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death globally, with unhealthy lifestyles today greatly increasing the risk. Over the decades, scientific investigation has been carried out on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their resultant oxidative stress based on their changes made on biological targets such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Since the existing clinical studies with antioxidants failed to provide relevant findings on CVD prediction, the focus has shifted towards recognition of oxidised targets as biomarkers to predict prognosis and response to accurate treatment. The identification of redox markers could help clinicians in providing risk stratification for CVD events beyond the traditional prognostic and diagnostic targets. This review will focus on how oxidant-related parameters can be applied as biomarkers for CVD based on recent clinical evidence.

Keywords: biomarkers; cardiovascular; oxidant; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species.

Figure 1

A schematic representation of oxidative stress-related biomarkers for cardiovascular disease that were discussed in the current review. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance of ROS and antioxidants. The generation of uncontrollable ROS may subsequently induce DNA damage, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation, which contribute to the progression and development of CVD.