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Review
. 2022 Jun 1;12(6):1364.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12061364.

Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic Targets

Alessandro Russo  1 , Helen Linda Morrone  1 , Salvatore Rotundo  1 , Enrico Maria Trecarichi  1 , Carlo Torti  1
Affiliations
Review

Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic Targets

Alessandro Russo et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a higher incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was observed in patients affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), leading to the delineation of a new entity named COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). A predisposition to invasive infection caused by Aspergillus spp. in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients can be ascribed either to the direct viral-mediated damage of the respiratory epithelium, as already observed in influenza H1N1 virus infections, or to the dysregulated immunity associated with COVID-19. This narrative review focuses on the impact of immune impairment, particularly due to cytokine dysregulation caused by Aspergillus spp. superinfection in COVID-19 for a more in-depth understanding of the molecular pathways implicated in CAPA. As immune competence has proven to be essential in protecting against CAPA onset, a role already threatened by SARS-CoV-2 infection itself, preventive strategies should focus on reducing factors that could further target the host immune system. We also aimed to focus on well-known and less-known risk factors for IPA in COVID-19 patients, related to the main causes of immune suppression, both virus-mediated and iatrogenic, including treatments currently indicated for COVID-19. Lastly, possible preventive strategies aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality due to CAPA could be implemented.

Keywords: CAPA; COVID-19; IPA; cytokines; therapy.

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Conflict of interest statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest for this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cytokine expression during COVID-19 related cytokine storm and IPA–related immune dysregulation. Legend. COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; CAPA: COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis; IPA: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Strategies for the prevention of IPA in COVID-19. Legend. IPA: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; CAPA: COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; ICU intensive care unit; IL: interleukin.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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