Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex beyond Motor Rehabilitation: A Review of the Current Evidence

doi:10.3390/brainsci12060761

Review

. 2022 Jun 10;12(6):761.

doi: 10.3390/brainsci12060761.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex beyond Motor Rehabilitation: A Review of the Current Evidence

Abdulhameed Tomeh¹, Abdul Hanif Khan Yusof Khan^{1

2}, Liyana Najwa Inche Mat¹, Hamidon Basri¹, Wan Aliaa Wan Sulaiman^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
² Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeingTM), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.

PMID: 35741646
PMCID: PMC9221422
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060761

Review

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex beyond Motor Rehabilitation: A Review of the Current Evidence

Abdulhameed Tomeh et al. Brain Sci. 2022.

. 2022 Jun 10;12(6):761.

doi: 10.3390/brainsci12060761.

Authors

Abdulhameed Tomeh¹, Abdul Hanif Khan Yusof Khan^{1

2}, Liyana Najwa Inche Mat¹, Hamidon Basri¹, Wan Aliaa Wan Sulaiman^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
² Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeingTM), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.

PMID: 35741646
PMCID: PMC9221422
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060761

Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a novel technique to stimulate the human brain through the scalp. Over the years, identifying the optimal brain region and stimulation parameters has been a subject of debate in the literature on therapeutic uses of repetitive TMS (rTMS). Nevertheless, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been a conventional target for rTMS to treat motor symptoms, such as hemiplegia and spasticity, as it controls the voluntary movement of the body. However, with an expanding knowledge base of the M1 cortical and subcortical connections, M1-rTMS has shown a therapeutic efficacy that goes beyond the conventional motor rehabilitation to involve pain, headache, fatigue, dysphagia, speech and voice impairments, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, disorders of consciousness, anxiety, depression, and bladder dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the latest evidence on using M1-rTMS to treat non-motor symptoms of diverse etiologies and discuss the potential mechanistic rationale behind the management of each of these symptoms.

Keywords: non-motor symptoms; primary motor cortex; therapeutic use; transcranial magnetic stimulation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Graphical abstract summarizing the non-motor symptoms treated with M1-rTMS. ‡‡‡ denotes strong recommendation by current therapeutic guidelines, ‡‡ denotes moderate recommendation by current therapeutic guidelines, ‡ denotes weak recommendation by current therapeutic guidelines, * denotes supported by systematic reviews/meta-analyses. Figure created with BioRender.com (accessed on 19 November 2021).

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References

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1. Rossini P.M., Burke D., Chen R., Cohen L.G., Daskalakis Z., Di Iorio R., Di Lazzaro V., Ferreri F., Fitzgerald P.B., George M.S., et al. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2015;126:1071–1107. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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1. Chen R., Classen J., Gerloff C., Celnik P., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M., Cohen L.G. Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1997;48:1398–1403. doi: 10.1212/WNL.48.5.1398. - DOI - PubMed

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[1] Stinear C.M., Coxon J.P., Byblow W.D. Primary motor cortex and movement prevention: Where Stop meets Go. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009;33:662–673. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.013. - DOI - PubMed

[2] Stinear C.M., Coxon J.P., Byblow W.D. Primary motor cortex and movement prevention: Where Stop meets Go. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009;33:662–673. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.013. - DOI - PubMed

[3] Barker A.T., Jalinous R., Freeston I.L. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985;1:1106–1107. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92413-4. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Barker A.T., Jalinous R., Freeston I.L. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985;1:1106–1107. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92413-4. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Rossini P.M., Burke D., Chen R., Cohen L.G., Daskalakis Z., Di Iorio R., Di Lazzaro V., Ferreri F., Fitzgerald P.B., George M.S., et al. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2015;126:1071–1107. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Rossini P.M., Burke D., Chen R., Cohen L.G., Daskalakis Z., Di Iorio R., Di Lazzaro V., Ferreri F., Fitzgerald P.B., George M.S., et al. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2015;126:1071–1107. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Pascual-Leone A., Valls-Solé J., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain. 1994;117:847–858. doi: 10.1093/brain/117.4.847. - DOI - PubMed

[8] Pascual-Leone A., Valls-Solé J., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain. 1994;117:847–858. doi: 10.1093/brain/117.4.847. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Chen R., Classen J., Gerloff C., Celnik P., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M., Cohen L.G. Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1997;48:1398–1403. doi: 10.1212/WNL.48.5.1398. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Chen R., Classen J., Gerloff C., Celnik P., Wassermann E.M., Hallett M., Cohen L.G. Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1997;48:1398–1403. doi: 10.1212/WNL.48.5.1398. - DOI - PubMed

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex beyond Motor Rehabilitation: A Review of the Current Evidence

Affiliations

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex beyond Motor Rehabilitation: A Review of the Current Evidence

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

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References

Publication types

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

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