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Review
. 2022 Jun 10;22(12):4391.
doi: 10.3390/s22124391.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Potential COVID-19 Early Detection Method: A Review and Future Perspective

Muna E Raypah  1 , Asma Nadia Faris  2 , Mawaddah Mohd Azlan  2 , Nik Yusnoraini Yusof  2 , Fariza Hanim Suhailin  3 , Rafidah Hanim Shueb  2   4 , Irneza Ismail  5 , Fatin Hamimi Mustafa  2
Affiliations
Review

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Potential COVID-19 Early Detection Method: A Review and Future Perspective

Muna E Raypah et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide health anxiety. The rapid dispersion of the infection globally results in unparalleled economic, social, and health impacts. The pathogen that causes COVID-19 is known as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A fast and low-cost diagnosis method for COVID-19 disease can play an important role in controlling its proliferation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a quick, non-destructive, non-invasive, and inexpensive technique for profiling the chemical and physical structures of a wide range of samples. Furthermore, the NIRS has the advantage of incorporating the internet of things (IoT) application for the effective control and treatment of the disease. In recent years, a significant advancement in instrumentation and spectral analysis methods has resulted in a remarkable impact on the NIRS applications, especially in the medical discipline. To date, NIRS has been applied as a technique for detecting various viruses including zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), influenza, hepatitis C, dengue (DENV), and human immunodeficiency (HIV). This review aims to outline some historical and contemporary applications of NIRS in virology and its merit as a novel diagnostic technique for SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; chemometrics; diagnostics; near-infrared spectroscopy; viruses.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SARS-CoV-2 structure.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Electromagnetic spectrum highlighting IR and NIR regions.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Overtones and combinations of NIR band assignments.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Configuration of UV-Vis/NIR spectroscopy system.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Flowchart showing commonly used methods and models in NIR analysis.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic drawing of steps to detect SARS-CoV-2 using the NIRS technique.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Proposed steps of an NIRS device development for COVID-19 detection.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Proposed implementation of NIRS device of COVID-19 in IoT application.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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