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. 2022 Jun 1;5(6):e2219791.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19791.

Experiences of Transgender and Gender Expansive Physicians

Lauren M Westafer  1   2 , Caroline E Freiermuth  3 , Michelle D Lall  4 , Sarah J Muder  5 , Eleanor L Ragone  2 , Angela F Jarman  6
Affiliations

Experiences of Transgender and Gender Expansive Physicians

Lauren M Westafer et al. JAMA Netw Open. .

Abstract

Importance: Although LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and gender minority) physicians experience bias in the workplace, there is a paucity of data on the experiences of physicians who identify specifically as transgender and/or gender expansive (TGE; gender expansive is an umbrella term encompassing individuals and gender identities that may exist beyond the binary framework [eg, may include nonbinary, genderqueer, and agender individuals]).

Objectives: To explore the professional experiences of TGE physicians, identify barriers to inclusion, and highlight stakeholder-derived strategies that promote an inclusive workplace.

Design, setting, and participants: This qualitative study informed by semistructured interviews was conducted among 24 TGE physicians in the US from April 1 to December 31, 2021. The sample of TGE physicians was recruited using convenience and snowball sampling. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Using thematic analysis, at least 2 members of the research team performed blinded coding of each transcript, in an iterative process.

Main outcomes and measures: Data collection and thematic analysis examining themes of physicians' experiences.

Results: Among 24 physicians (mean [SD] age, 39 [1.4] years) interviewed, 8 (33%) self-identified as transgender women, 7 (29%) as transgender men, 4 (17%) as nonbinary, 3 (13%) as transgender and nonbinary, and 2 (8%) as genderqueer. Prominent themes of the interviews included emotional distress as a result of transphobia, dominance of a rigid binary gender paradigm, and structural and institutional factors that are associated with psychological and physical safety and feelings of isolation as a TGE physician. Clear steps of affirmation were identified that could mitigate the emotional stressors, including signs of safety, active allyship, and mentorship by other TGE physicians.

Conclusions and relevance: In this qualitative study, TGE physicians reported facing both overt and subtle biases associated with their identity and gender presentation. Participants also noted several interpersonal and structural factors that mitigate the effect of these biases.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Westafer reported receiving grants from the Academy for Women in Academic Emergency Medicine and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute during the conduct of the study. Dr Jarman reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health Scholars Program at University of California–Davis. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

Figure.
Figure.. Conceptual Framework
All of the arrows coming out of “Affirmation” represent places where affirmational actions can positively disrupt the cycle that feeds into emotional distress.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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