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. 2022 Jun 29;17(6):e0269060.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269060. eCollection 2022.

Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator

Suhail Asghar Qureshi  1 , Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin  1 , N I M Elamin  2 , Huda A Majid  3 , Adel Y I Ashyap  1 , Jamel Nebhen  4 , M R Kamarudin  1 , Chan Hwang See  5 , R A Abd-Alhameed  6
Affiliations

Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator

Suhail Asghar Qureshi et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Millimetre-wave frequencies are promising for sensitive detection of glucose levels in the blood, where the temperature effect is insignificant. All these features provide the feasibility of continuous, portable, and accurate monitoring of glucose levels. This paper presents a metamaterial-inspired resonator comprising five split-rings to detect glucose levels at 24.9 GHz. The plexiglass case containing blood is modelled on the sensor's surface and the structure is simulated for the glucose levels in blood from 50 mg/dl to 120 mg/dl. The novelty of the sensor is demonstrated by the capability to sense the normal glucose levels at millimetre-wave frequencies. The dielectric characteristics of the blood are modelled by using the Debye parameters. The proposed design can detect small changes in the dielectric properties of blood caused by varying glucose levels. The variation in the transmission coefficient for each glucose level tested in this study is determined by the quality factor and resonant frequency. The sensor presented can detect the change in the quality factor of transmission response up to 2.71/mg/dl. The sensor's performance has also been tested to detect diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome. The sensor showed a linear shift in resonant frequency with the change in glucose levels, and an R2 of 0.9976 was obtained by applying regression analysis. Thus, the sensor can be used to monitor glucose in a normal range as well as at extreme levels.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Perspective view of the design.
Fig 2
Fig 2
Designed structure with sample holder (a) without blood sample and (b) blood sample.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Resonance frequency with bare sample holder.
Fig 4
Fig 4
Extracted constitutive parameters of the structure (a) permittivity, (b) permeability, and (c) refractive index.
Fig 5
Fig 5
Field distributions (a) Electric field density, (b) surface current distribution with bare sample holder, and (c) electric field density with a blood sample.
Fig 6
Fig 6. Effect of the radius on the resonance frequency.
Fig 7
Fig 7. Effect of linewidth on the resonance frequency.
Fig 8
Fig 8. Effect of length on the resonance frequency.
Fig 9
Fig 9
Three split-rings design (a) sensor design and (b) bare sample resonant frequency.
Fig 10
Fig 10
Four split-rings design (a) sensor design and (b) bare sample resonant frequency.
Fig 11
Fig 11. Glucose levels of normal and diabetic subjects [28].
Fig 12
Fig 12. Transmission coefficient responses on different glucose levels with five split-rings.
Fig 13
Fig 13. Transmission coefficient responses on different glucose levels with four split-rings.
Fig 14
Fig 14. Transmission coefficient responses on different glucose levels with three split-rings.
Fig 15
Fig 15. Transmission coefficient responses on different glucose levels.
Fig 16
Fig 16. Regression analysis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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