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. 2022 Dec;61(8):3975-3985.
doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-02911-1. Epub 2022 Jul 1.

Association between ultra-processed food consumption and cognitive performance in US older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES 2011-2014

Barbara R Cardoso  1 , Priscila Machado  2 , Euridice Martinez Steele  3   4
Affiliations

Association between ultra-processed food consumption and cognitive performance in US older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES 2011-2014

Barbara R Cardoso et al. Eur J Nutr. 2022 Dec.

Abstract

Purpose: This study evaluated the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and cognitive performance among older US adults.

Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed 3632 participants aged 60+ years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-14. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), Word Learning test, Animal Fluency test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Dietary intake was assessed using two 24-h diet recalls. Food items were classified according to the NOVA system, a classification based on the nature, extent, and purpose of industrial food processing. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association of dietary share of UPF (% of daily energy intake) (categorized as tertiles) and cognitive test scores, adjusting for socio-demographic variables, physical activity, smoking status, and chronic diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and depression). Models excluding participants with pre-existing diseases were carried out to address potential reverse causality.

Results: On average, UPF accounted for 53% of total energy intake, ranging from 33 to 70% across extreme tertiles. Inverted U-shape association between UPF consumption and Animal fluency and DSST was observed. No significant associations were observed between the UPF intake tertiles and the cognitive test results. Nonetheless, UPF consumption was significantly associated with worse performance in Animal Fluency in older adults without pre-existing diseases (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: UPF consumption was associated with worse performance in Animal Fluency among older people without pre-existing diseases. Decreasing UPF consumption may be a way to improve impaired cognition among older adults.

Keywords: Cognitive decline; Dementia; Diet; Older adults; Ultra-processed food.

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Conflict of interest statement

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The relationship between dietary UPF (as % of total energy intake) and cognitive test scores: a CERAD total (P = 0.308); b CERAD delayed recall (P = 0.859); c animal fluency (P = 0.010); d digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST) (P = 0.005). Green area represents the 95% confidence intervals. UPF ultra-processed food, %kcal % of total energy intake
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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