Attention for Emotion-How Young Adults With Neurodevelopmental Disorders Look at Facial Expressions of Affect

Abstract

While Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Schizophrenia (SCZ) differ in many clinically relevant features such as symptomatology and course, they may also share genetic underpinnings, affective problems, deviancies in social interactions, and are all characterized by some kind of cognitive impairment. This situation calls for a joint investigation of the specifics of cognitive (dys-)functions of the three disorders. Such endeavor should focus, among other domains, on the inter-section of processing cognitive, affective and social information that is crucial in effective real-life interactions and can be accomplished when attentional preferences for human facial expressions of emotions is studied. To that end, attention to facial expressions of basic emotions was examined in young adults with ASD, ADHD, or SCZ in the present study. The three clinical groups were compared with an age-matched group of typically-developing participants (TD) during the free contemplation of five different facial emotions presented simultaneously, by varying identities, through the registration of eye movements. We showed, that dwell times and fixation counts differed for the different emotions in TD and in a highly similar way in ADHD. Patients with ASD differed from TD by showing a stronger differentiation between emotions and partially different attentional preferences. In contrast, the SCZ group showed an overall more restricted scanning behavior and a lack of differentiation between emotions. The ADHD group, showed an emotion-specific gazing pattern that was highly similar to that of controls. Thus, by analyzing eye movements, we were able to differentiate three different viewing patterns that allowed us to distinguish between the three clinical groups. This outcome suggests that attention for emotion may not tap into common pathophysiological processes and argues for a multi-dimensional approach to the grouping of disorders with neurodevelopmental etiology.

Keywords: ADHD; Autism Spectrum Disorder; emotional faces; eye movements (EM); schizophrenia.

Figure 1

Exemplary stimulus: The five emotional expressions (happy, neutral, surprised, angry, and scared) of one identity were presented simultaneously on five different positions (center, top right, bottom right, bottom left, and top left).

Figure 2

Proportion of dwell time for the four groups. The groups are located on the horizontal axis with the different emotions as single lines. The table shows the statistics of the simple effects of EMOTION as well as the interaction effects EMOTION ^* GROUP.

Figure 3

Proportion of fixation count for the four groups. The groups are located on the horizontal axis with the different emotions as single lines. The table shows the statistics of the simple effects of EMOTION as well as the interaction effects EMOTION ^* GROUP.