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Review
. 2022 Jun 20:12:903570.
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.903570. eCollection 2022.

The Gut Microbiota (Microbiome) in Cardiovascular Disease and Its Therapeutic Regulation

Md Mominur Rahman  1 , Fahadul Islam  1 , Md Harun -Or-Rashid  1 , Abdullah Al Mamun  2 , Md Saidur Rahaman  1 , Md Mohaimenul Islam  1 , Atkia Farzana Khan Meem  1 , Popy Rani Sutradhar  1 , Saikat Mitra  3 , Anjuman Ara Mimi  1 , Talha Bin Emran  1   4 , Fatimawali  5 , Rinaldi Idroes  6   7 , Trina Ekawati Tallei  8 , Muniruddin Ahmed  1 , Simona Cavalu  9
Affiliations
Review

The Gut Microbiota (Microbiome) in Cardiovascular Disease and Its Therapeutic Regulation

Md Mominur Rahman et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. .

Abstract

In the last two decades, considerable interest has been shown in understanding the development of the gut microbiota and its internal and external effects on the intestine, as well as the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as metabolic syndrome. The intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. Recent studies revealed that the gut microbiota can affect the host body. CVDs are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and patients favor death over chronic kidney disease. For the function of gut microbiota in the host, molecules have to penetrate the intestinal epithelium or the surface cells of the host. Gut microbiota can utilize trimethylamine, N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, and primary and secondary bile acid pathways. By affecting these living cells, the gut microbiota can cause heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial fibrosis, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. Previous studies of the gut microbiota and its relation to stroke pathogenesis and its consequences can provide new therapeutic prospects. This review highlights the interplay between the microbiota and its metabolites and addresses related interventions for the treatment of CVDs.

Keywords: atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; gut microbiota; hypertension; metabolites; trimethylamine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mechanism of human gut microbiota within host body (Zhu et al., 2017).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Association of salt intake with change in gut microbiotia and CVD (Naqvi et al., 2021).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Shaping the gut microbiotia for cardiovascular benefits. Selective enrichment, using prebiotics and probiotics of beneficial bacteria alleviates major risk factors of cardiovascular disease (Singh et al., 2016).
Figure 4
Figure 4
This is a diagram of cardiovascular risk and related to inflammation, the disorder of lipid metabolizing, diabetes relation with gut microbial disease. This gut microbiota reacts with the immune system of the animal or human body so that it can take control of the function of the gut barrier. A porous barrier influences the uprising of the flux of pro-inflammatory microorganisms (bacteria) into systemic circulation, thus the situation causes low-level inflammation through TLR activation (Xu et al., 2020).
Figure 5
Figure 5
The gut microbiota’s indirect role in modulating the effects of drugs and nutraceuticals is depicted in a diagram (Wu et al., 2021).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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