Rapid decline in vaccine-boosted neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100679

Clinical Trial

. 2022 Jul 19;3(7):100679.

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100679. Epub 2022 Jun 20.

Rapid decline in vaccine-boosted neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Kirsten E Lyke¹, Robert L Atmar², Clara Dominguez Islas³, Christine M Posavad⁴, Daniel Szydlo⁵, Rahul Paul Chourdhury⁵, Meagan E Deming⁶, Amanda Eaton⁷, Lisa A Jackson⁸, Angela R Branche⁹, Hana M El Sahly¹⁰, Christina A Rostad¹¹, Judith M Martin¹², Christine Johnston¹³, Richard E Rupp¹⁴, Mark J Mulligan¹⁵, Rebecca C Brady¹⁶, Robert W Frenck Jr¹⁶, Martín Bäcker¹⁷, Angelica C Kottkamp¹⁵, Tara M Babu¹⁸, Kumaravel Rajakumar¹², Srilatha Edupuganti¹⁹, David Dobrzynski⁹, Rhea N Coler²⁰, Janet I Archer²¹, Sonja Crandon²², Jillian A Zemanek⁵, Elizabeth R Brown³, Kathleen M Neuzil⁶, David S Stephens²³, Diane J Post²², Seema U Nayak²², Mehul S Suthar²⁴, Paul C Roberts²², John H Beigel²², David C Montefiori²⁵; DMID 21-0012 Study Group

Collaborators, Affiliations

Affiliations

¹ Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: klyke@som.umaryland.edu.
² Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: ratmar@bcm.edu.
³ Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁴ Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁵ Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁶ Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁷ Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
⁸ Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁹ Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
¹⁰ Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics and Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹² Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
¹³ Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁴ Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
¹⁵ NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁶ Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
¹⁷ NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁰ Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
²¹ FHI360, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
²² Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
²³ Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁴ Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁵ Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: monte@duke.edu.

PMID: 35798000
PMCID: PMC9212999
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100679

Clinical Trial

Rapid decline in vaccine-boosted neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Kirsten E Lyke et al. Cell Rep Med. 2022.

. 2022 Jul 19;3(7):100679.

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100679. Epub 2022 Jun 20.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: klyke@som.umaryland.edu.
² Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: ratmar@bcm.edu.
³ Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁴ Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁵ Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁶ Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁷ Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
⁸ Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁹ Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
¹⁰ Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics and Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹² Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
¹³ Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁴ Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
¹⁵ NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁶ Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
¹⁷ NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island Vaccine Center Research Clinic and Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁰ Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
²¹ FHI360, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
²² Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
²³ Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁴ Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁵ Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: monte@duke.edu.

PMID: 35798000
PMCID: PMC9212999
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100679

Abstract

The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibits reduced susceptibility to vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies, requiring a boost to generate protective immunity. We assess the magnitude and short-term durability of neutralizing antibodies after homologous and heterologous boosting with mRNA and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines. All prime-boost combinations substantially increase the neutralization titers to Omicron, although the boosted titers decline rapidly within 2 months from the peak response compared with boosted titers against the prototypic D614G variant. Boosted Omicron neutralization titers are substantially higher for homologous mRNA vaccine boosting, and for heterologous mRNA and Ad26.COV2.S vaccine boosting, compared with homologous Ad26.COV2.S boosting. Homologous mRNA vaccine boosting generates nearly equivalent neutralizing activity against Omicron sublineages BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 but modestly reduced neutralizing activity against BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5 compared with BA.1. These results have implications for boosting requirements to protect against Omicron and future variants of SARS-CoV-2. This trial was conducted under ClincalTrials.gov: NCT04889209.

Keywords: BA.2.12.1; BA.4/BA.5; COVID-19; Omicron variant; SARS-CoV-2; booster; mRNA vaccine; neutralizing antibody; recombinant adenovirus vaccine; sublineage.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests R.L.A., C.D.I., C.M.P., D.S., R.P.C., M.E.D., A.E., H.M.E.S., R.E.R., M.B., A.C.K., T.M.B., D.D., R.N.C., J.I.A., S.C., J.A.Z., S.U.N., E.R.B., and D.J.P. report no competing interests. K.E.L. receives grant awards from Pfizer, Inc., COVID-19 vaccine research. L.A.J.’s institution receives grant funding from NIH and CDC for vaccine-related assessments, including those of COVID-19 vaccines. A.R.B. has grant funding from Pfizer, Janssen, Merck, and Cyanvac for non-COVID-19-related work and serves as a consultant for GSK and Janssen. C.A.R.'s institution has received funds to conduct clinical research from the National Institutes of Health, CDC, BioFire, Inc., Genentech, GSK, Janssen, MedImmune, Merck, Micron, Moderna, Novavax, PaxVax, Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sanofi-Pasteur. She is co-inventor of patented RSV vaccine technology, which has been licensed to Meissa Vaccines, Inc. J.M.M. has served as a consultant for Merck, Sharp, and Dohme for non-Covid-related work. C.J. receives funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, NIH, and CDC, consults for Gilead and Abbvie, serves on a DSMB for MedPace, and receives royalties from UpToDate. M.J.M. has laboratory research and clinical trials contracts for vaccines or MAB versus SARS-CoV-2 with Lilly, Pfizer (exclusive of the current work), and Sanofi and personal fees for Scientific Advisory Board service from Merck, Meissa Vaccines, Inc., and Pfizer. R.C.B. receives funding for vaccine trials from Path Nipah and Pfizer. R.W.F. receives funding to perform clinical trials from Pfizer, Moderna, Astra Zeneca, and Emergent Health, and he serves on advisory boards for Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Sanofi Pasteur, and Seqirus. S.E. receives funding to her institution from Sanofi Pasteur for a non-COVID-19 vaccine study. K.M.N. holds a grant from Pfizer, without salary support, for a COVID-19 vaccine study and salary support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for work on multiple COVID-19 vaccine trials. D.S.S. is supported by grant awards from NIH/NIAID. P.C.R. and J.H.B. report a pending US patent application no. 63/025918 entitled “Coronavirus RNA vaccines and methods of use.” D.C.M. receives funding from NIH and Moderna for laboratory studies of COVID-19 vaccine antibody responses. M.S.S. receives funding from Moderna, Inc., and Ocugen. D.C.M. receives funding from Moderna, Inc.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Pseudovirus neutralization expressed as 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50) to the D614G variant and Omicron at day 1 (pre-booster) and days 29 and 91 post-booster (A) mRNA-1273 vaccine boosted with mRNA-1273 100 μg. (B) Ad26.COV2.S vaccine boosted with Ad26.COV2.S. (C) BNT162b2 vaccine boosted with BNT162b2. (D) mRNA-1273 vaccine boosted with mRNA-1273 50 μg. (E) Ad26.COV2.S vaccine boosted with BNT162b2. (F) BNT162b2 vaccine boosted with Ad26.COV2.S. Each group consisted of ∼50 participants (n = ∼25 age 18–55 years old; n = ∼25 age ≥ 56 years old); the actual number of samples assayed for each study are shown at the top of each panel as gray text. The PsVNA (neutralizing antibody [nAb]) results for the D614G variant were previously reported for all groups except the homologous 50 μg mRNA-1273-boosted group. Values and colored text represent the geometric means; error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of ID50 titers. The geometric mean fold reduction in ID50 for Omicron relative to the D614G variant is depicted in black text for days 29 and 91 post-booster. Technical duplicates were performed.

**Figure 2**
Neutralization of Omicron sublineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.3, and BA.4/BA.5 Omicron sublineage neutralization titers (ID50) in serum samples obtained before (day 1) and 29 days after homologous mRNA-1273 boosting (50 μg) in 16 study participants who received two inoculations of mRNA-1273 (100 μg) under emergency-use authorization. Box plots represent median (horizontal line within the box) and 25th and 75th percentiles (lower and upper borders of the box), with the whiskers drawn to the value nearest to, but within, 1.5× interquartile range above and below the borders of the box and individual results depicted in open circles. GMTs are shown above each box plot. The fold change neutralization titers relative to D614G are depicted in black text at the bottom of the panels. Technical duplicates were performed.

**Figure 3**
Six month durability of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirion neutralizing antibody titers after three inoculations of mRNA-1273 (100 μg dose) Results for participants with available PsVNA data up to day 181 visit (n = 49), from participants who received the two standard inoculations of mRNA-1273 100 μg and were boosted with mRNA-1273 (100 μg). Left: Values and colored text represent the geometric means; error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of ID50 titers. The geometric mean fold reduction in ID50 for Omicron relative to D614G is depicted in black text for days 29,91, and 181 post-booster. Right: Spaghetti plot by study day showing differences in PsVNA levels for D614G and Omicron. Box plots represent median (horizontal line within the box) and 25th and 75th percentiles (lower and upper borders of the box), with the whiskers drawn to the value nearest to, but within, 1.5× interquartile range above and below the borders of the box. The geometric mean fold reduction in ID50 for Omicron relative to D614G is depicted in black text.

**Figure 4**
Live virus focus-reduction neutralization expressed ID50 in Vero-TMPRSS2 cells to D614G, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants at days 1 (pre-booster) and 29 post-booster (A) mRNA-1273 vaccine boosted with mRNA-1273 100 μg. (B) Ad26.COV2.S vaccine boosted with Ad26.COV2.S. (C) BNT162b2 vaccine boosted with BNT162b2. (D) mRNA-1273 vaccine boosted with mRNA-1273 50 μg. (E) Ad26.COV2.S vaccine boosted with BNT162b2. (F) BNT162b2 vaccine boosted with Ad26.COV2.S. Each point represents the GMT from two duplicates per specimen (within the same assay run). A value equivalent to half the lower limit of detection (LLOD = 20) was assigned to observations with no detectable response. A specimen was considered as having a positive response if at least one of the duplicates was above the LLOD. Box plots represent median (horizontal line within the box) and 25th and 75th percentiles (lower and upper borders of the box), with the whiskers drawn to the value nearest to, but within, 1.5× interquartile range above and below the borders of the box.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Cited by

Antibody Response against Circulating Omicron Variants 8 Months after the Third Dose of mRNA Vaccine.
Anichini G, Terrosi C, Gori Savellini G, Gandolfo C, Barbagli F, Carta GA, Fabrizi S, Miceli GB, Cusi MG. Anichini G, et al. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Sep 10;10(9):1512. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10091512. Vaccines (Basel). 2022. PMID: 36146590 Free PMC article.
Seroprevalence of IgM/IgG and Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Unvaccinated Young Adults from Mexico Who Reported Not Having Had a Previous COVID-19 Infection.
Padilla-Bórquez DL, Matuz-Flores MG, Hernández-Bello J, Sánchez-Zuno GA, García-Arellano S, Oregon-Romero E, Herrera-Godina MG, González-Estevez G, Adan-Bante NP, Rosas-Rodríguez JA, Muñoz-Valle JF. Padilla-Bórquez DL, et al. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2024 Feb 14;2024:8871439. doi: 10.1155/2024/8871439. eCollection 2024. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2024. PMID: 38384428 Free PMC article.
Cross-protective HCoV immunity reduces symptom development during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Abela IA, Schwarzmüller M, Ulyte A, Radtke T, Haile SR, Ammann P, Raineri A, Rueegg S, Epp S, Berger C, Böni J, Manrique A, Audigé A, Huber M, Schreiber PW, Scheier T, Fehr J, Weber J, Rusert P, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD, Puhan MA, Kriemler S, Trkola A, Pasin C. Abela IA, et al. mBio. 2024 Feb 14;15(2):e0272223. doi: 10.1128/mbio.02722-23. Epub 2024 Jan 25. mBio. 2024. PMID: 38270455 Free PMC article.
Bivalent mRNA COVID vaccines elicit predominantly cross-reactive CD4⁺ T cell clonotypes.
Sop J, Traut CC, Dykema AG, Hunt JH, Beckey TP, Basseth CR, Antar AAR, Laeyendecker O, Smith KN, Blankson JN. Sop J, et al. Cell Rep Med. 2024 Mar 19;5(3):101442. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101442. Epub 2024 Feb 28. Cell Rep Med. 2024. PMID: 38423018 Free PMC article.
Wild-type SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing immunity decreases across variants and over time but correlates well with diagnostic testing.
O'Shea KM, Schuler CF 4th, Chen J, Troost JP, Wong PT, Chen K, O'Shea DR, Peng W, Gherasim C, Manthei DM, Valdez R, Baldwin JL, Baker JR Jr. O'Shea KM, et al. Front Immunol. 2023 Feb 8;14:1055429. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1055429. eCollection 2023. Front Immunol. 2023. PMID: 36845123 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

1. CDC . US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. Science Brief: Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant.https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/scienti...
1. CDC . US Department of Health and Human Services; 2022. Potential Rapid Increase of Omicron Variant Infection in the United States.https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/forecasting/mathematic...
1. Edara V.V., Manning K.E., Ellis M., Lai L., Moore K.M., Foster S.L., Floyd K., Davis-Gardner M.E., Mantus G., Nyhoff L.E., et al. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant. Cell Rep. Med. 2022;3:100529. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100529. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Houriiyah T., Moir M., Everatt J., Giovanetti M., Scheepers C., Wilkinson E., Subramoney K., Moyo S., Amoako D.G., Baxter C., et al. Continued Emergence and Evolution of Omicron in South Africa: New BA.4 and BA.5 Lineages. medRxiv. 2022 doi: 10.1101/2022.05.01.22274406. Preprint at. - DOI
1. Ariën K.K., Heyndrickx L., Michiels J., Vereecken K., Van Lent K., Coppens S., Willems B., Pannus P., Martens G.A., Van Esbroeck M., et al. Three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine confer neutralising antibody capacity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. NPJ Vaccines. 2022;7:35. doi: 10.1038/s41541-022-00459-z. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Substances

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Supplementary concepts

Actions

Associated data

Actions
- Search in PubMed
- Search in ClinicalTrials.gov

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- ImmPort - Shared Data - Datasets
- The Lens - Patent Citations Database
Medical
- ClinicalTrials.gov
- MedlinePlus Health Information
Miscellaneous
- NCI CPTAC Assay Portal

[1] CDC . US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. Science Brief: Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant.https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/scienti...

[2] CDC . US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. Science Brief: Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant.https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/scienti...

[3] CDC . US Department of Health and Human Services; 2022. Potential Rapid Increase of Omicron Variant Infection in the United States.https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/forecasting/mathematic...

[4] CDC . US Department of Health and Human Services; 2022. Potential Rapid Increase of Omicron Variant Infection in the United States.https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/forecasting/mathematic...

[5] Edara V.V., Manning K.E., Ellis M., Lai L., Moore K.M., Foster S.L., Floyd K., Davis-Gardner M.E., Mantus G., Nyhoff L.E., et al. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant. Cell Rep. Med. 2022;3:100529. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100529. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Edara V.V., Manning K.E., Ellis M., Lai L., Moore K.M., Foster S.L., Floyd K., Davis-Gardner M.E., Mantus G., Nyhoff L.E., et al. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant. Cell Rep. Med. 2022;3:100529. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100529. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Houriiyah T., Moir M., Everatt J., Giovanetti M., Scheepers C., Wilkinson E., Subramoney K., Moyo S., Amoako D.G., Baxter C., et al. Continued Emergence and Evolution of Omicron in South Africa: New BA.4 and BA.5 Lineages. medRxiv. 2022 doi: 10.1101/2022.05.01.22274406. Preprint at. - DOI

[8] Houriiyah T., Moir M., Everatt J., Giovanetti M., Scheepers C., Wilkinson E., Subramoney K., Moyo S., Amoako D.G., Baxter C., et al. Continued Emergence and Evolution of Omicron in South Africa: New BA.4 and BA.5 Lineages. medRxiv. 2022 doi: 10.1101/2022.05.01.22274406. Preprint at. - DOI

[9] Ariën K.K., Heyndrickx L., Michiels J., Vereecken K., Van Lent K., Coppens S., Willems B., Pannus P., Martens G.A., Van Esbroeck M., et al. Three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine confer neutralising antibody capacity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. NPJ Vaccines. 2022;7:35. doi: 10.1038/s41541-022-00459-z. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Ariën K.K., Heyndrickx L., Michiels J., Vereecken K., Van Lent K., Coppens S., Willems B., Pannus P., Martens G.A., Van Esbroeck M., et al. Three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine confer neutralising antibody capacity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. NPJ Vaccines. 2022;7:35. doi: 10.1038/s41541-022-00459-z. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Rapid decline in vaccine-boosted neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Collaborators

Affiliations

Rapid decline in vaccine-boosted neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Supplementary concepts

Associated data

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Supplementary concepts

Associated data

Related information

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous