How to Implement the 3-Phase FODMAP Diet Into Gastroenterological Practice

Abstract

Background/aims: The 3-phase fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) diet has shown a high level of efficacy in irritable bowel syndrome, largely based on dietitian delivered education. However, access to dietitians can be limited, and challenges exist when applying the diet to a wide range of cultures, such as limited FODMAP analysis of local foods. This review aims to discuss ways to optimally use the FODMAP diet in practice in a wide range of cultures, directed at gastroenterologists from a dietitian's perspective.

Methods: Recent literature was analysed via search databases including Medline, CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus.

Results: The dietetic process involves detailed assessment and follow-up through the 3 stages of the FODMAP diet (restriction, re-introduction, and long-term maintenance). Emerging evidence suggests the diet can be delivered by other health professionals such as the gastroenterologist or nurse, but training on how to do so successfully would be needed. Self-guided approaches through use of technology or specialised food delivery services may be an alternative when dietitians are not available, but efficacy data is limited. Regardless of delivery mode, nutritional and psychological risks of the diet must be mitigated. Additionally, culturally appropriate education must be provided, with accommodations necessary when the FODMAP content of local foods are unknown.

Conclusion: While the diet has shown improved irritable bowel syndrome outcomes across studies, it is important to acknowledge the essential role of dietitians in implementing, tailoring, and managing the diet to achieve the best outcome for each individual.

Keywords: Diet; Diet therapy; Irritable bowel syndrome; and nutrition; carbohydrate-restricted; food.

Figure 1

The stages of the fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) dietary strategy.

Figure 2

Summary of the steps involved in the dietetic process of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). FODMAP, fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides, and polyols.