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. 2022 Jun 27;15(13):4523.
doi: 10.3390/ma15134523.

Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide Solution on Enamel Remineralization and Discoloration in Artificial Caries

Ko Eun Lee  1 , Munkhulzii Erdenebulgan  2 , Chung-Min Kang  2 , Hoi-In Jung  3 , Je Seon Song  2
Affiliations

Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide Solution on Enamel Remineralization and Discoloration in Artificial Caries

Ko Eun Lee et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a strong fluoride agent for caries control, remineralization, and reducing the incidence of dental caries. This study used 38% SDF with potassium iodide (KI) on enamel remineralization and compared it with the currently used 38% SDF and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish to treat artificial caries. Bovine incisors were demineralized for 120 h and randomly distributed for treatment by the remineralization agents for 120 h as follows: control (n = 15), SDF/KI (n = 15), SDF (n = 15), and NaF (n = 15). Colorimetric analysis was performed using the ΔE value. The Vickers microhardness (VHN) was determined to evaluate the enamel remineralization of the specimens. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to confirm the surfaces precisely and histologically. SDF/KI caused no significant difference in discoloration between the control and NaF groups. There was also no significant difference in the VHN after remineralization, but SDF/KI exhibited the highest mean microhardness. PLM revealed that SDF/KI had the greatest remineralization ability. In conclusion, SDF/KI is effective for dental enamel remineralization even with KI, which reduces discoloration.

Keywords: NaF varnish; discoloration; enamel remineralization; potassium iodide; silver diamine fluoride.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Specimen preparation. (a) Frontal view of bovine tooth and the area used for the specimens. (b) Obtained specimens (10 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm). (c) Specimens embedded in acrylic resin. (d) Expected experimental outcome using the specimens.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flow chart.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Delta E assessment of enamel surfaces after demineralization and remineralization. (a) The discoloration was significant in SDF (red dashed line), and there were no differences among the control, SDF/KI, and NaF groups. *** p < 0.001, one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. (b) Image captured after remineralization. Critical dark discoloration was observed in the SDF group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Vickers microhardness (HV) of enamel surfaces after 120 h of demineralization followed by remineralization. One-way ANOVA was conducted with * p < 0.05.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Representative polarization light micrograph images of post-demineralization and remineralization at magnifications of 100× and 400×. *: Margin of demineralization; arrow: margin of remineralization; red dashed line: the depth of demineralization; yellow dashed line: the depth of remineralization. The border of the SDF group could not be measured due to discoloration.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Scanning electron micrographs of enamel surfaces after remineralization. (a) Control group; (b) SDF/KI; (c) SDF; (d) NaF (magnification: 8000×).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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