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. 2022 Jun 27;11(13):1700.
doi: 10.3390/plants11131700.

Phylogeny and Taxonomic Synopsis of the Genus Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae)

Mary Ann C Bautista  1   2   3   4 , Yan Zheng  5 , David E Boufford  6 , Zhangli Hu  7 , Yunfei Deng  1   3 , Tao Chen  2   3
Affiliations

Phylogeny and Taxonomic Synopsis of the Genus Bougainvillea (Nyctaginaceae)

Mary Ann C Bautista et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. is one of the renowned genera in the Nyctaginaceae, but despite its recognized horticultural value, the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus is not well-studied. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on plastid genomes showed that B. pachyphylla and B. peruviana are basal taxa, while B. spinosa is sister to two distinct clades: the predominantly cultivated Bougainvillea clade (B. spectabilis, B. glabra, B. arborea, B. cultivar, B. praecox) and the clade containing wild species of Bougainvillea (B. berberidifolia, B. campanulata, B. infesta, B. modesta, B. luteoalba, B. stipitata, and B. stipitata var. grisebachiana). Early divergence of B. peruviana, B. pachyphylla and B. spinosa is highly supported, thus the previously proposed division of Bougainvillea into two subgenera (Bougainvillea and Tricycla) was not reflected in this study. Morphological analysis also revealed that leaf arrangement, size, and indumentum together with the perianth tube and anthocarp shape and indumentum are important characteristics in differentiating the species of Bougainvillea. In the present study, 11 species and one variety are recognized in Bougainvillea. Six names are newly reduced to synonymy, and lectotypes are designated for 27 names. In addition, a revised identification key and illustrations of the distinguishing parts are also provided in the paper.

Keywords: Bougainvillea; Nyctaginaceae; chloroplast genome; morphology; nomenclature; phylogeny; taxonomy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
General circular gene map of Bougainvillea chloroplast genomes showing the large single-copy (LSC) region, small single-copy (SSC) region, and inverted repeat regions (IRA, IRB). Genes within the circle were also color-coded according to their functional group. The dark gray and light gray plots correspond to the GC and AT contents, respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Total number of SNPs identified in the plastid genomes of Bougainvillea. (A) Number SNPs observed in the coding and non-coding sequences. (B) Coding sequences with greatest occurrence of synonymous and non-synonymous SNPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Total number of indels found in plastid genomes of Bougainvillea. (A) Number of indels observed in coding and non-coding sequences. (B) Coding genes with greatest occurrence of insertions and deletions.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Total number of indels found in plastid genomes of Bougainvillea. (A) Number of indels observed in coding and non-coding sequences. (B) Coding genes with greatest occurrence of insertions and deletions.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) phylogenetic tree based on alignment of 79 protein-coding genes of 25 Nyctaginaceae chloroplast genomes. Numbers above nodes represent ML bootstrap values while numbers below nodes are Bayesian posterior probability values.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Perianth tubes of species and cultivars of Bougainvillea: basal taxa: (A) Bougainvillea peruviana, (B) B. pachyphylla; (C) B. spinosa; wild Bougainvillea: (D) B. stipitata, (E) B. infesta, (F) B. berberidifolia, (G) B. modesta, (H) B. campanulata; cultivated Bougainvillea: (I) B. praecox, (J) B. glabra, (K) B. arborea, (L) B. spectabilis, and (M) B. cultivar. (Illustrated by Eingel Cannerie Jaramillo).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Perianth lobes of species of Bougainvillea and a cultivar: (A) Bougainvillea peruviana, (B) B. glabra, (C) B. cultivar, and (D) B. arborea.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Leaf arrangement of Bougainvillea berberidifolia (A) and Bougainvillea stipitata (B). (Illustrated by Eingel Cannerie Jaramillo).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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