Review on Modification of Glucomannan as an Excipient in Solid Dosage Forms

Abstract

Glucomannan (GM)-a polysaccharide generally extracted from the tuber of Amorphophallus konjac-has great potential as a filler-binder in direct compression, disintegrant in tablets, or gelling agent due to its strong hydrophilicity and extremely high viscosity. However, it has poor water resistance and low mechanical strength when used as an excipient in solid form. Several physical and chemical modifications have been carried out to improve these drawbacks. Chemical modification affects the characteristics of GM based on the DS. Carboxymethylation improves GM functionality by modifying its solubility and viscosity, which in turn allows it to bind water more efficiently and thus improve its elongation and gel homogeneity. Meanwhile, physical modification enhances functionality through combination with other excipients to improve mechanical properties and modify swelling ability and drug release from the matrix. This review discusses extraction of GM and its modification to enhance its applicability as an excipient in solid form. Modified GM is a novel excipient applicable in the pharmaceutical industry for direct compression, as a tablet disintegrant, a film-forming agent, and for encapsulation of macromolecular compounds or drug carriers for controlled release.

Keywords: chemical modification; excipient; glucomannan; physical modification.

Figure 1

Flowchart of the inclusion and exclusion criteria for review articles.

Figure 2

Four main sources of natural polysaccharides.

Figure 3

Isolation and purification of polysaccharides from plants.

Figure 4

Structure of glucomannan.

Figure 5

Separation of GM from impurities.

Figure 6

CMGM synthesis pathway.

Figure 7

Effect of carboxymethylation on the structure of GM.

Figure 8

Formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) through electrostatic complex coacervation.