Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Jun 25;14(13):2582.
doi: 10.3390/polym14132582.

Weld Strength of Friction Welding of Dissimilar Polymer Rods Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling

Chil-Chyuan Kuo  1   2 , Jing-Yan Xu  1 , Chong-Hao Lee  1
Affiliations

Weld Strength of Friction Welding of Dissimilar Polymer Rods Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling

Chil-Chyuan Kuo et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Friction welding (FRW) is a promising method for joining cylindrical components of dissimilar and similar polymers or metals. In particular, FRW is capable of generating defect-free welds. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been widely employed in the automotive industry, ranging from lightweight tools, testing models, and functional parts. Conventionally, dissimilar parts fabricated by FDM are joined by glue. However, distinct disadvantages of this approach include both low joining strength and low joining efficiency. Hitherto, little has been reported on the characterizations of weld strength of FRW of dissimilar parts fabricated by FDM. In addition, FRW of dissimilar polymeric materials is a difficult task because different polymers have different physical, rheological, and mechanical properties. In this study, the effects of welding revolution on the weld strength of friction welding dissimilar parts fabricated by FDM are investigated experimentally. It was found that the average flexural strength of dissimilar polymer rods fabricated by FRW is about 1.52 times that of dissimilar polymer rods fabricated by gluing. The highest flexure strength can be obtained by FRW using polylactic acid (PLA) and PC (polycarbonate) rods. The average impact strength of dissimilar polymer rods fabricated by FRW is about 1.04 times that of dissimilar polymer rods joined by gluing. The highest impact strength can be obtained by FRW using PLA to PLA rods.

Keywords: flexural strength; friction welding; fused deposition modeling; weld strength.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of the experimental methodology.
Figure 2
Figure 2
CAD model and dimensions of FRW specimen.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic illustration of FRW process. (a) preparing two FRW specimens, (b) applying pressure to force FRW specimens into contact, (c) rotating one of the FRW specimens, (d) initial stage of FRW, (e) middle stage of FRW, (f) final stage of FRW, (g) FRW is completed, (h) the weld bead is processed, and (i) FRW is completed.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FRW of PLA to ABS rods.
Figure 5
Figure 5
FRW specimens fabricated with (a) PLA, (b) ABS, (c) 10% GF reinforced PLA, (d) 10% CF reinforced PLA, (e) PA, and (f) PC feedstock filaments.
Figure 6
Figure 6
FE-SEM micrographs and chemical compositions of PLA filled with 10 wt.% GF reinforced PLA filled with 10 wt.% CF.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Results of FRW of dissimilar polymer rods.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Changes of weld bead temperature as a function of time for three important stages of FRW (a) friction zone, (b) forge zone, and (c) cooling zone.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Failure of FRW of PLA to PC rods.
Figure 10
Figure 10
WI temperature as a function of welding time for the PLA to ABS rods in repeated experiments.
Figure 11
Figure 11
FE-SEM micrograph of the WI.
Figure 12
Figure 12
WI temperature as a function of welding time for six dissimilar joints.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Temperature change rate of three zones in dissimilar joints.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Flexure strength of dissimilar polymer rods fabricated by FRW and gluing.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Impact strength of dissimilar polymer rods fabricated by FRW and gluing.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Li B., Liu Q., Jia S., Ren Y., Yang P. Effect of V Content and Heat Input on HAZ Softening of Deep-Sea Pipeline Steel. Materials. 2022;15:794. doi: 10.3390/ma15030794. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yin P., Xu C., Pan Q., Zhang W., Jiang X. Effect of Different Ultrasonic Power on the Properties of RHA Steel Welded Joints. Materials. 2022;15:768. doi: 10.3390/ma15030768. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hassan A.J., Boukharouba T., Miroud D. Concept of forge application under effect of friction time for AISI 316 using friction welding process. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2021;112:2223–2231. doi: 10.1007/s00170-020-06421-4. - DOI
    1. Delijaicov S., Rodrigues M., Farias A., Neves M., Bortolussi R., Miyazaki M., Brandão F. Microhardness and residual stress of dissimilar and thick aluminum plates AA7181-T7651 and AA7475-T7351 using bobbin, top, bottom, and double-sided FSW methods. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2020;108:277–287. doi: 10.1007/s00170-020-05370-2. - DOI
    1. Lambiase F., Grossi V., Paoletti A. Effect of tilt angle in FSW of polycarbonate sheets in butt configuration. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2020;107:489–501. doi: 10.1007/s00170-020-05106-2. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources