Adverse Changes in Body Composition During the Menopausal Transition and Relation to Cardiovascular Risk: A Contemporary Review

Abstract

The menopausal transition period in aging women is strongly associated with weight gain. Evidence shows that weight changes during menopause increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women. However, the potential mechanisms that cause weight gain and adverse changes to body composition specifically during the menopausal transition period remain to be elucidated. In this contemporary review, we examined recent evidence for adverse changes in body composition at midlife during the menopausal transition and the link to increased CVD risk and described factors that may contribute to these changes, including normal chronological aging, hormonal factors (decreased estrogen, etc.), behavioral factors (changes in diet, physical activity), or other emerging factors (e.g., sleep). This review focused on identifying factors that make the menopausal transition period a critical window for prevention of CVD. Future study is needed to decipher the extent to which hormonal changes, age-related factors, and behavioral factors interact with and contribute to increased CVD risk in women undergoing menopause. Understanding the causes of weight gain during the menopausal transition may help to inform strategies to mitigate adverse CVD outcomes for women transitioning through menopause.

Keywords: aging; body composition; cardiovascular disease; hormonal changes; menopausal transition; weight gain.

FIG. 1.

Factors associated with adverse weight changes during the menopausal transition and relation to CVD risk. CVD, cardiovascular disease.