Effectiveness of vaccination mandates in improving uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA

Michelle M Mello¹, Douglas J Opel², Regina M Benjamin³, Timothy Callaghan⁴, Renee DiResta⁵, Jad A Elharake⁶, Lisa C Flowers⁷, Alison P Galvani⁸, Daniel A Salmon⁹, Jason L Schwartz¹⁰, Noel T Brewer¹¹, Alison M Buttenheim¹², Richard M Carpiano¹³, Chelsea Clinton¹⁴, Peter J Hotez¹⁵, Rekha Lakshmanan¹⁶, Yvonne A Maldonado¹⁷, Saad B Omer¹⁸, Joshua M Sharfstein¹⁹, Arthur Caplan²⁰

Affiliations

¹ Stanford Law School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; School of Medicine, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: mmello@law.stanford.edu.
² Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
³ Gulf States Health Policy Center, Bayou La Batre, AL, USA.
⁴ Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
⁵ Stanford Internet Observatory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶ Yale Institute for Global Health and Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁷ Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁸ Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁹ Institute for Vaccine Safety, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹¹ Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
¹² Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, and Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹³ School of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
¹⁴ Clinton Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁵ Texas Children's Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
¹⁶ James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; The Immunization Partnership, Houston, TX, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁸ Yale Institute for Global Health and Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale School of Nursing, Orange, CT, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²⁰ Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

PMID: 35817078
PMCID: PMC9270060
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00875-3

Review

Effectiveness of vaccination mandates in improving uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA

Michelle M Mello et al. Lancet. 2022.

. 2022 Aug 13;400(10351):535-538.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00875-3. Epub 2022 Jul 8.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Stanford Law School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; School of Medicine, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: mmello@law.stanford.edu.
² Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
³ Gulf States Health Policy Center, Bayou La Batre, AL, USA.
⁴ Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
⁵ Stanford Internet Observatory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶ Yale Institute for Global Health and Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁷ Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁸ Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁹ Institute for Vaccine Safety, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹¹ Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
¹² Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, and Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹³ School of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
¹⁴ Clinton Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁵ Texas Children's Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
¹⁶ James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; The Immunization Partnership, Houston, TX, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁸ Yale Institute for Global Health and Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale School of Nursing, Orange, CT, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²⁰ Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

PMID: 35817078
PMCID: PMC9270060
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00875-3

No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests PJH is a developer of a COVID-19 vaccine construct, which was licensed by Baylor College of Medicine to Biological E, a commercial vaccine manufacturer for scale-up, production, testing, and licensure. NTB reports personal fees from WHO, US national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Merck outside the submitted work. RMC received research grant funding from Novo Nordisk Foundation, outside the submitted work. RL reports grants from Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Pasteur, and Merck, and personal fees from BIO and the Infectious Disease Prevention Network, outside the submitted work. YAM is a member of a data safety monitoring board for Pfizer and a site Principal Investigator for a Pfizer vaccine trial, outside the submitted work. MMM reports personal fees from law firms representing retail pharmacies and generic drug companies that have sued other drug companies for antitrust law violations, outside the submitted work, and served as an advisor to Verily Life Sciences on an app designed to facilitate safe return to work and school during the COVID-19 epidemic. DJO reports grants from the US National Institutes of Health, outside the submitted work. DAS reports grants from Merck and personal fees from Pfizer and Janssen, outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no competing interests.

References

1. Buchholz K. The countries where covid-19 vaccination is mandatory. 2022. https://www.statista.com/chart/25326/obligatory-vaccination-against-covi...
1. Wang E, Clymer J, Davis-Hayes C, Buttenheim A. Nonmedical exemptions from school immunization requirements: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e62–e84. - PMC - PubMed
1. Bednarczyk RA, King AR, Lahijani A, Omer SB. Current landscape of nonmedical vaccination exemptions in the United States: impact of policy changes. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18:175–190. - PMC - PubMed
1. Phadke VK, Bednarczyk RA, Salmon DA, Omer SB. Association between vaccine refusal and vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States: a review of measles and pertussis. JAMA. 2016;315:1149–1158. - PMC - PubMed
1. National Conference of State Legislatures States with religious and philosophical exemptions from school immunization requirements. 2022. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state...

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Effectiveness of vaccination mandates in improving uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA

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Effectiveness of vaccination mandates in improving uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA

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Conflict of interest statement

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