Preoperative vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), caloric test, and pure tone audiometry to identify the vestibular nerve branch of schwannoma origin: preliminary results in a series of 26 cases

Abstract

Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor which develops in the internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle, potentially diminishing hearing or balance. Most VS tumors arise from one of two vestibular branches: the superior or inferior vestibular nerve. Determining the specific nerve of origin could improve patient management in terms of preoperative counseling, treatment selection, and surgical decision-making and planning. The aim of this study was to introduce a preoperative testing protocol with high accuracy to determine the nerve branch of origin. The nerve of origin was predicted on the basis of preoperative vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), caloric stimulation test, and pure tone audiometry on 26 recipients. The acquired data were entered into a statistic scoring system developed to allocate the tumor origin. Finally, the nerve of origin was definitively determined intraoperatively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis of preoperative testing data showed the possibility of predicting the branch of origin. In particular, ROC curve of combined VEMPs absence, nystagmus detectable at caloric stimulation, and PTA < 75 dB HL allowed to obtain high accuracy for inferior vestibular nerve implant of the tumor (area under the curve-AUC = 0.8788, p = 0.012). In 24 of 26 cases, the preoperatively predicted tumor origin was the same as the origin determined during surgery. Preoperative audiological and vestibular evaluation can predict the vestibular tumor branch of origin with high accuracy. Despite the necessity of larger prospective cohort studies, these findings may change preoperative approach, possible functional aspects, and counseling with the patients.

Keywords: Caloric test; Pure tone audiometry; VEMPs; Vestibular schwannoma.