Quantitative ultrasound image analysis of axillary lymph nodes to differentiate malignancy from reactive benign changes due to COVID-19 vaccination

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the potential of quantitative image analysis and machine learning techniques to differentiate between malignant lymph nodes and benign lymph nodes affected by reactive changes due to COVID-19 vaccination.

Method: In this institutional review board-approved retrospective study, we improved our previously published artificial intelligence model, by retraining it with newly collected images and testing its performance on images containing benign lymph nodes affected by COVID-19 vaccination. All the images were acquired and selected by specialized breast-imaging radiologists and the nature of each node (benign or malignant) was assessed through a strict clinical protocol using ultrasound-guided biopsies.

Results: A total of 180 new images from 154 different patients were recruited: 71 images (10 cases and 61 controls) were used to retrain the old model and 109 images (36 cases and 73 controls) were used to evaluate its performance. The achieved accuracy of the proposed method was 92.7% with 77.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity at the optimal cut-off point. In comparison, the visual node inspection made by radiologists from ultrasound images reached 69.7% accuracy with 41.7% sensitivity and 83.6% specificity.

Conclusions: The results obtained in this study show the potential of the proposed techniques to differentiate between malignant lymph nodes and benign nodes affected by reactive changes due to COVID-19 vaccination. These techniques could be useful to non-invasively diagnose lymph node status in patients with suspicious reactive nodes, although larger multicenter studies are needed to confirm and validate the results.

Keywords: Breast Cancer; COVID-19; Lymphadenopathy; Machine Learning; Ultrasound.

Fig. 1

Drawings and definitions of the different types of nodes proposed by Bediaccordingtotheir degrees of suspicion. Courtesy of Coronado-Gutierrez et al..

Fig. 2

Ultrasound images of 2 different nodes: (a) benign node with reactive changes due to COVID-19 vaccination; (b) metastatic node of invasive ductal carcinoma. Arrows point out the node’s cortex and arrow heads their fatty hilum.

Fig. 3

ROC curve obtained by the proposed method (blue line) versus visual inspection by expert radiologists using Bedi’s criteria (red line) on the same test images.