Vitamin B12 and folate decrease inflammation and fibrosis in NASH by preventing syntaxin 17 homocysteinylation

Abstract

Background & aims: Several recent clinical studies have shown that serum homocysteine (Hcy) levels are positively correlated, while vitamin B₁₂ (B₁₂) and folate levels are negative correlated, with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) severity. However, it is not known whether hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) plays a pathogenic role in NASH.

Methods: We examined the effects of HHcy on NASH progression, metabolism, and autophagy in dietary and genetic mouse models, patients, and primates. We employed vitamin B₁₂ (B₁₂) and folate (Fol) to reverse NASH features in mice and cell culture.

Results: Serum Hcy correlated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. Elevated hepatic Hcy induced and exacerbated NASH. Gene expression of hepatic Hcy-metabolizing enzymes was downregulated in NASH. Surprisingly, we found increased homocysteinylation (Hcy-lation) and ubiquitination of multiple hepatic proteins in NASH including the key autophagosome/lysosome fusion protein, Syntaxin 17 (Stx17). This protein was Hcy-lated and ubiquitinated, and its degradation led to a block in autophagy. Genetic manipulation of Stx17 revealed its critical role in regulating autophagy, inflammation and fibrosis during HHcy. Remarkably, dietary B₁₂/Fol, which promotes enzymatic conversion of Hcy to methionine, decreased HHcy and hepatic Hcy-lated protein levels, restored Stx17 expression and autophagy, stimulated β -oxidation of fatty acids, and improved hepatic histology in mice with pre-established NASH.

Conclusions: HHcy plays a key role in the pathogenesis of NASH via Stx17 homocysteinylation. B₁₂/folate also may represent a novel first-line therapy for NASH.

Lay summary: The incidence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, for which there are no approved pharmacological therapies, is increasing, posing a significant healthcare challenge. Herein, based on studies in mice, primates and humans, we found that dietary supplementation with vitamin B₁₂ and folate could have therapeutic potential for the prevention or treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Keywords: Autophagy; B(12); Fibrosis; Folate; Homocysteine; Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); Protein homocysteinylation; Syntaxin-17; Vitamin therapy.