Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Jul 10;19(1):35.
doi: 10.1186/s12981-022-00462-3.

Comparison of efavirenz levels in blood and hair with pharmacy refills as measures of adherence and predictors of viral suppression among people living with HIV in Nigeria

Jacinta N Nwogu  1   2   3 , Samuel O Ngene  4 , Chinedum P Babalola  5   6 , Adeniyi Olagunju  7 , Andrew Owen  7 , Saye H Khoo  7 , Olayinka A Kotila  8   9 , Baiba Berzins  10 , Hideaki Okochi  11 , Regina Tallerico  11 , Monica Gandhi #  11 , Babafemi Taiwo #  10
Affiliations

Comparison of efavirenz levels in blood and hair with pharmacy refills as measures of adherence and predictors of viral suppression among people living with HIV in Nigeria

Jacinta N Nwogu et al. AIDS Res Ther. .

Abstract

Background: Strategies to support adherence are constrained by the lack of tools to objectively monitor medication intake in low-resource settings. Pharmacologic measures are objective, but pharmacy refill data is more accessible and cost-efficient. This study compared short-term and long-term efavirenz (EFV) drug levels with pharmacy refill adherence data (PRA) and evaluated their ability to predict viral suppression among people living with HIV in Nigeria.

Methods: Paired hair and dried blood spot (DBS) samples were obtained from 91 adults living with HIV receiving 600 mg EFV-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) and EFV concentrations were measured via validated methods using liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry. PRA was estimated from pharmacy records, based on the number of days a patient collected medication before or after the scheduled pick-up date. PRA was categorized into ≤ 74%, 75-94% and ≥ 95%, defined as poor, medium and high adherence, respectively. HIV viral loads closest to the hair sampling time (within 6 months) were also abstracted. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analyses compared the ability of adherence metrics to predict viral suppression.

Results: Based on PRA, 81% of participants had high adherence while 11% and 8% had medium and poor adherence, respectively. The median (IQR) EFV concentrations were 6.85 ng/mg (4.56-10.93) for hair and 1495.6 ng/ml (1050.7-2365.8) for DBS. Of the three measures of adherence, hair EFV concentration had the highest Area Under Curve (AUC) to predict viral suppression. Correlations between EFV concentrations in DBS and hair with PRA were positive (r = 0.12, P = 0.27 and r = 0.21, P = 0.05, respectively) but not strong.

Conclusions: EFV concentrations in hair were the strongest predictor of viral suppression and only weakly correlated with pharmacy refill adherence data in Nigeria. This study suggests that resource-limited settings may benefit from objective adherence metrics to monitor and support adherence.

Keywords: Adherence; Dried blood spots; Efavirenz concentrations; Hair; Pharmacy refill adherence; Viral suppression.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Correlation plot of hair EFV concentrations vs plasma EFV concentrations. Spearman r = 0.60 (CI 0.001425, 0.002286)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Receiver operating characteristic curve showing the relationship between adherence (DBS EFV & Hair EFV concentration) and viral load (> 50 copies/ml and > 1000 copies/ml). Blue line hair conc.; Green Line DBS conc.; Red diagonal reference
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Gachara G, Mavhandu LG, Rogawski ET, Manhaeve C, Bessong PO. Evaluating adherence to antiretroviral therapy using pharmacy refill records in a rural treatment site in South Africa. AIDS Res Treat. 2017;2017:5456219. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mudhune V, Gvetadze R, Girde S, Ndivo R, Angira F, Zeh C, et al. Correlation of adherence by pill count, self-report, mems and plasma drug levels to treatment response among women receiving ARV therapy for PMTCT in Kenya. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(3):918–928. doi: 10.1007/s10461-017-1724-7. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Oku AO, Owoaje ET, Ige OK, Oyo-Ita A. Prevalence and determinants of adherence to HAART amongst PLHIV in a tertiary health facility in South-South Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:401. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-401. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Adewuya AO, Afolabi MO, Ola BA, Ogundele OA, Ajibare AO, Oladipo BF, et al. The effect of psychological distress on medication adherence in persons with HIV infection in Nigeria. Psychosomatics. 2010;51(1):68–73. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(10)70661-7. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Marrazzo JM, Ramjee G, Richardson BA, Gomez K, Mgodi N, Nair G, et al. Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(6):509–518. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1402269. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types