Turner syndrome: French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (NDCP; National Diagnosis and Care Protocol)

doi:10.1186/s13023-022-02423-5

. 2022 Jul 12;17(Suppl 1):261.

doi: 10.1186/s13023-022-02423-5.

Turner syndrome: French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (NDCP; National Diagnosis and Care Protocol)

Elodie Fiot¹, Bertille Alauze¹, Bruno Donadille², Dinane Samara-Boustani³, Muriel Houang⁴, Gianpaolo De Filippo¹, Anne Bachelot⁵, Clemence Delcour⁶, Constance Beyler⁷, Emilie Bois⁸, Emmanuelle Bourrat⁹, Emmanuel Bui Quoc¹⁰, Nathalie Bourcigaux², Catherine Chaussain¹¹, Ariel Cohen¹², Martine Cohen-Solal¹³, Sabrina Da Costa¹⁴, Claire Dossier¹⁵, Stephane Ederhy¹², Monique Elmaleh¹⁶, Laurence Iserin¹⁷, Hélène Lengliné¹⁸, Armelle Poujol-Robert¹⁹, Dominique Roulot²⁰, Jerome Viala¹⁸, Frederique Albarel²¹, Elise Bismuth²², Valérie Bernard²³, Claire Bouvattier²⁴, Aude Brac²⁵, Patricia Bretones²⁵, Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet²⁶, Philippe Chanson²⁷, Regis Coutant²⁸, Marguerite de Warren²⁹, Béatrice Demaret³⁰, Lise Duranteau³¹, Florence Eustache³², Lydie Gautheret¹, Georges Gelwane¹, Claire Gourbesville³³, Mickaël Grynberg³⁴, Karinne Gueniche¹⁴, Carina Jorgensen³⁵, Veronique Kerlan³⁶, Charlotte Lebrun¹, Christine Lefevre³⁷, Françoise Lorenzini³⁸, Sylvie Manouvrier³⁹, Catherine Pienkowski⁴⁰, Rachel Reynaud⁴¹, Yves Reznik³³, Jean-Pierre Siffroi⁴², Anne-Claude Tabet⁴³, Maithé Tauber⁴⁴, Vanessa Vautier⁴⁵, Igor Tauveron⁴⁶, Sebastien Wambre⁴⁷, Delphine Zenaty¹, Irène Netchine⁴, Michel Polak³, Philippe Touraine⁵, Jean-Claude Carel¹, Sophie Christin-Maitre², Juliane Léger⁴⁸

Affiliations

¹ Pediatric Endocrinology-Diabetology Department, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, INSERM NeuroDiderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France.
² Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
³ Pediatric Endocrinology-Diabetology Department, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, 75015, Paris, France.
⁴ Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
⁵ Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine Department, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Pitié Salpétrière University Hospital, 75013, Paris, France.
⁶ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
⁷ Cardiopaediatric Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
⁸ Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
⁹ Dermatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹⁰ Ophthalmology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹¹ Odontology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospitals Charles Foix, PNVS, and Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France.
¹² Department of Cardiology, GRC n°27, GRECO, AP-HP, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
¹³ Department of Rheumatology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010, Paris, France.
¹⁴ Reference Center for Rare Gynecological Pathologies, Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, 75015, Paris, France.
¹⁵ Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹⁶ Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹⁷ Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Cardiology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Georges Pompidou University Hospital, 75015, Paris, France.
¹⁸ Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹⁹ Hepatology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
²⁰ Hepatology Department, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Avicenne Hospital, 93009, Bobigny, France.
²¹ Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille. Hospital La Conception, 13005, Marseille, France.
²² Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Competence Center for Rare Diseases of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
²³ CHU Pellegrin, Department of Gynecological Surgery, Medical Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Centre Aliénor d'aquitaine, Bordeaux University Hospitals, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
²⁴ Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Reference Center for Rare Genital Development Disorders, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Kremlin-Bicêtre University Hospital, Paris-Sud University, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
²⁵ Department of Endocrinology Pediatric and Adult, Reference Center for Rare Genital Development Disorders, Lyon Hospices Civils, Est Hospital Group, 69677, Bron, France.
²⁶ Gynecology-Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Tenon University Hospital, 75020, Paris, France.
²⁷ Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Kremlin-Bicêtre University Hospital, Paris-Sud University, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
²⁸ Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Thyroid and Hormone Receptivity, Angers University Hospital, 49100, Angers, France.
²⁹ AGAT, French Turner Syndrome Association (AGAT; Association Des Groupes Amitié Turner), 75011, Paris, France.
³⁰ Grandir Association (French Growth Disorders Association), 92600, Asnières-sur-Seine, France.
³¹ Adolescent and Young Adult Gynecology Unit, Reference Center for Rare Genital Development Disorders, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Kremlin-Bicêtre University Hospital, Paris-Sud University, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
³² Reproductive Biology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Jean Verdier University Hospital, 93140, Bondy, France.
³³ Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Caen University Hospital, 14000, Caen, France.
³⁴ Department of Reproductive Medicine and Fertility Preservation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Antoine Béclère University Hospital, 92140, Clamart, France.
³⁵ Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
³⁶ Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Brest University Hospital Centre, 29200, Brest, France.
³⁷ Pediatric Endocrinology, Lille University Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, 59000, Lille, France.
³⁸ Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse University Paule Viguier Hospital, 31300, Toulouse, France.
³⁹ Clinical Genetics Department, DEV GEN Genital Development Reference Center, Lille University Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, 59000, Lille, France.
⁴⁰ Genetics and Medical Gynecology Department, Reference Center for Rare Gynecological Pathologies, Toulouse University Hospitals - Hôpital Des Enfants, Pediatrics - Endocrinology, 31059, Toulouse, France.
⁴¹ Department of Multidisciplinary Pediatrics, Reference Center for Pituitary Rare Diseases Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de La Timone Enfants, 13005, Marseille, France.
⁴² Genetics and Embryology Department, Sorbonne Université; INSERM UMRS-933, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France.
⁴³ Genetics Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
⁴⁴ Genetics and Medical Gynecology Department, Toulouse University Hospital - Hôpital Des Enfants, Pediatrics - Endocrinology, 31059, Toulouse, France.
⁴⁵ Pediatric Diabetology Department, Bordeaux University Hospitals, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
⁴⁶ Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Endocrinology Department, Clermont Auvergne University, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
⁴⁷ French Turner Syndrome Association (Turner Et Vous Association), 59155, Faches-Thumesnil, France.
⁴⁸ Pediatric Endocrinology-Diabetology Department, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, INSERM NeuroDiderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France. juliane.leger@aphp.fr.

PMID: 35821070
PMCID: PMC9277788
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02423-5

Turner syndrome: French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (NDCP; National Diagnosis and Care Protocol)

Elodie Fiot et al. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2022.

. 2022 Jul 12;17(Suppl 1):261.

doi: 10.1186/s13023-022-02423-5.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Pediatric Endocrinology-Diabetology Department, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, INSERM NeuroDiderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France.
² Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
³ Pediatric Endocrinology-Diabetology Department, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, 75015, Paris, France.
⁴ Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
⁵ Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine Department, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Pitié Salpétrière University Hospital, 75013, Paris, France.
⁶ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
⁷ Cardiopaediatric Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
⁸ Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
⁹ Dermatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹⁰ Ophthalmology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹¹ Odontology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospitals Charles Foix, PNVS, and Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France.
¹² Department of Cardiology, GRC n°27, GRECO, AP-HP, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
¹³ Department of Rheumatology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010, Paris, France.
¹⁴ Reference Center for Rare Gynecological Pathologies, Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, 75015, Paris, France.
¹⁵ Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹⁶ Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹⁷ Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Cardiology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Georges Pompidou University Hospital, 75015, Paris, France.
¹⁸ Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
¹⁹ Hepatology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
²⁰ Hepatology Department, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Avicenne Hospital, 93009, Bobigny, France.
²¹ Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille. Hospital La Conception, 13005, Marseille, France.
²² Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Competence Center for Rare Diseases of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
²³ CHU Pellegrin, Department of Gynecological Surgery, Medical Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Centre Aliénor d'aquitaine, Bordeaux University Hospitals, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
²⁴ Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Reference Center for Rare Genital Development Disorders, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Kremlin-Bicêtre University Hospital, Paris-Sud University, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
²⁵ Department of Endocrinology Pediatric and Adult, Reference Center for Rare Genital Development Disorders, Lyon Hospices Civils, Est Hospital Group, 69677, Bron, France.
²⁶ Gynecology-Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Tenon University Hospital, 75020, Paris, France.
²⁷ Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Kremlin-Bicêtre University Hospital, Paris-Sud University, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
²⁸ Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Thyroid and Hormone Receptivity, Angers University Hospital, 49100, Angers, France.
²⁹ AGAT, French Turner Syndrome Association (AGAT; Association Des Groupes Amitié Turner), 75011, Paris, France.
³⁰ Grandir Association (French Growth Disorders Association), 92600, Asnières-sur-Seine, France.
³¹ Adolescent and Young Adult Gynecology Unit, Reference Center for Rare Genital Development Disorders, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Kremlin-Bicêtre University Hospital, Paris-Sud University, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
³² Reproductive Biology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Jean Verdier University Hospital, 93140, Bondy, France.
³³ Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Caen University Hospital, 14000, Caen, France.
³⁴ Department of Reproductive Medicine and Fertility Preservation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Antoine Béclère University Hospital, 92140, Clamart, France.
³⁵ Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Saint Antoine Hospital, 75012, Paris, France.
³⁶ Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Brest University Hospital Centre, 29200, Brest, France.
³⁷ Pediatric Endocrinology, Lille University Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, 59000, Lille, France.
³⁸ Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse University Paule Viguier Hospital, 31300, Toulouse, France.
³⁹ Clinical Genetics Department, DEV GEN Genital Development Reference Center, Lille University Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, 59000, Lille, France.
⁴⁰ Genetics and Medical Gynecology Department, Reference Center for Rare Gynecological Pathologies, Toulouse University Hospitals - Hôpital Des Enfants, Pediatrics - Endocrinology, 31059, Toulouse, France.
⁴¹ Department of Multidisciplinary Pediatrics, Reference Center for Pituitary Rare Diseases Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de La Timone Enfants, 13005, Marseille, France.
⁴² Genetics and Embryology Department, Sorbonne Université; INSERM UMRS-933, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France.
⁴³ Genetics Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 75019, Paris, France.
⁴⁴ Genetics and Medical Gynecology Department, Toulouse University Hospital - Hôpital Des Enfants, Pediatrics - Endocrinology, 31059, Toulouse, France.
⁴⁵ Pediatric Diabetology Department, Bordeaux University Hospitals, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
⁴⁶ Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Endocrinology Department, Clermont Auvergne University, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
⁴⁷ French Turner Syndrome Association (Turner Et Vous Association), 59155, Faches-Thumesnil, France.
⁴⁸ Pediatric Endocrinology-Diabetology Department, Reference Center for Rare Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, INSERM NeuroDiderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France. juliane.leger@aphp.fr.

PMID: 35821070
PMCID: PMC9277788
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02423-5

Abstract

Turner syndrome (TS; ORPHA 881) is a rare condition in which all or part of one X chromosome is absent from some or all cells. It affects approximately one in every 1/2500 liveborn girls. The most frequently observed karyotypes are 45,X (40-50%) and the 45,X/46,XX mosaic karyotype (15-25%). Karyotypes with an X isochromosome (45,X/46,isoXq or 45,X/46,isoXp), a Y chromosome, X ring chromosome or deletions of the X chromosome are less frequent. The objective of the French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (PNDS; Protocole National de Diagnostic et de Soins) is to provide health professionals with information about the optimal management and care for patients, based on a critical literature review and multidisciplinary expert consensus. The PNDS, written by members of the French National Reference Center for Rare Growth and Developmental Endocrine disorders, is available from the French Health Authority website. Turner Syndrome is associated with several phenotypic conditions and a higher risk of comorbidity. The most frequently reported features are growth retardation with short adult stature and gonadal dysgenesis. TS may be associated with various congenital (heart and kidney) or acquired diseases (autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disease, hearing loss, overweight/obesity, glucose intolerance/type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular complications and liver dysfunction). Most of the clinical traits of TS are due to the haploinsufficiency of various genes on the X chromosome, particularly those in the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR 1 and PAR 2), which normally escape the physiological process of X inactivation, although other regions may also be implicated. The management of patients with TS requires collaboration between several healthcare providers. The attending physician, in collaboration with the national care network, will ensure that the patient receives optimal care through regular follow-up and screening. The various elements of this PNDS are designed to provide such support.

Keywords: Adulthood; Childhood; Diagnosis; Management; Recommendation; Turner’s syndrome.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Cited by

Screening for Turner Syndrome-Associated Hyperglycemia: Evaluating Hemoglobin A1c and Fasting Blood Glucose.
Parra Villasmil MG, Ryckman KK, Norris AW, Pinnaro CT. Parra Villasmil MG, et al. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(4):374-382. doi: 10.1159/000534371. Epub 2023 Oct 3. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024. PMID: 37788658 Free PMC article.
Visual Impairment in Women with Turner Syndrome-A 49-Year Literature Review.
Soszka-Przepiera E, Krzyścin M, Modrzejewska M. Soszka-Przepiera E, et al. J Clin Med. 2024 Sep 13;13(18):5451. doi: 10.3390/jcm13185451. J Clin Med. 2024. PMID: 39336938 Free PMC article. Review.
Response of children with Turner syndrome with different types of karyotype abnormalities to growth hormone treatment.
Choi JE, Park MJ, Yu J, Kim HS. Choi JE, et al. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Oct;29(5):308-315. doi: 10.6065/apem.2346246.123. Epub 2024 Oct 31. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2024. PMID: 39506344 Free PMC article.
[Reflections on the clinical diagnosis and management of Turner syndrome].
Gu W, Zhao X. Gu W, et al. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2024 Nov 15;26(11):1135-1140. doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2407176. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2024. PMID: 39587740 Free PMC article. Review. Chinese.
Turner Syndrome Mosaicism after Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease-A High Index of Clinical Suspicion Required?
Ritchie F, Macgill K, Cairney D, Kiff S, Miles H, Gillett PM. Ritchie F, et al. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Sep 21;59(9):1693. doi: 10.3390/medicina59091693. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023. PMID: 37763812 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

1. Gravholt CH, Andersen NH, Conway GS, Dekkers OM, Geffner ME, Klein KO, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177(3):G1–G70. doi: 10.1530/EJE-17-0430. - DOI - PubMed
1. Massa G, Verlinde F, De Schepper J, Thomas M, Bourguignon JP, Craen M, et al. Trends in age at diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(3):267–268. doi: 10.1136/adc.2004.049817. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Bernard V, Donadille B, Le Poulennec T, Nedelcu M, Martinerie L, Christin-Maitre S. Management of endocrine disease: transition of care for young adult patients with Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180(1):R1–R7. doi: 10.1530/EJE-18-0238. - DOI - PubMed
1. Fiot E, Zenaty D, Boizeau P, Haignere J, Santos SD, Leger J, et al. X-chromosome gene dosage as a determinant of impaired pre and postnatal growth and adult height in Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(3):X1. doi: 10.1530/EJE-15-1000e. - DOI - PubMed
1. Lin AE, Prakash SK, Andersen NH, Viuff MH, Levitsky LL, Rivera-Davila M, et al. Recognition and management of adults with Turner syndrome: from the transition of adolescence through the senior years. Am J Med Genet A. 2019;179(10):1987–2033. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61310. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

[1] Gravholt CH, Andersen NH, Conway GS, Dekkers OM, Geffner ME, Klein KO, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177(3):G1–G70. doi: 10.1530/EJE-17-0430. - DOI - PubMed

[2] Gravholt CH, Andersen NH, Conway GS, Dekkers OM, Geffner ME, Klein KO, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177(3):G1–G70. doi: 10.1530/EJE-17-0430. - DOI - PubMed

[3] Massa G, Verlinde F, De Schepper J, Thomas M, Bourguignon JP, Craen M, et al. Trends in age at diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(3):267–268. doi: 10.1136/adc.2004.049817. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Massa G, Verlinde F, De Schepper J, Thomas M, Bourguignon JP, Craen M, et al. Trends in age at diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(3):267–268. doi: 10.1136/adc.2004.049817. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Bernard V, Donadille B, Le Poulennec T, Nedelcu M, Martinerie L, Christin-Maitre S. Management of endocrine disease: transition of care for young adult patients with Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180(1):R1–R7. doi: 10.1530/EJE-18-0238. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Bernard V, Donadille B, Le Poulennec T, Nedelcu M, Martinerie L, Christin-Maitre S. Management of endocrine disease: transition of care for young adult patients with Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180(1):R1–R7. doi: 10.1530/EJE-18-0238. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Fiot E, Zenaty D, Boizeau P, Haignere J, Santos SD, Leger J, et al. X-chromosome gene dosage as a determinant of impaired pre and postnatal growth and adult height in Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(3):X1. doi: 10.1530/EJE-15-1000e. - DOI - PubMed

[8] Fiot E, Zenaty D, Boizeau P, Haignere J, Santos SD, Leger J, et al. X-chromosome gene dosage as a determinant of impaired pre and postnatal growth and adult height in Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(3):X1. doi: 10.1530/EJE-15-1000e. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Lin AE, Prakash SK, Andersen NH, Viuff MH, Levitsky LL, Rivera-Davila M, et al. Recognition and management of adults with Turner syndrome: from the transition of adolescence through the senior years. Am J Med Genet A. 2019;179(10):1987–2033. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61310. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Lin AE, Prakash SK, Andersen NH, Viuff MH, Levitsky LL, Rivera-Davila M, et al. Recognition and management of adults with Turner syndrome: from the transition of adolescence through the senior years. Am J Med Genet A. 2019;179(10):1987–2033. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61310. - DOI - PubMed

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Turner syndrome: French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (NDCP; National Diagnosis and Care Protocol)

Affiliations

Turner syndrome: French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (NDCP; National Diagnosis and Care Protocol)

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical