Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Mar 25:2:655315.
doi: 10.3389/fragi.2021.655315. eCollection 2021.

From Autonomy to Integration, From Integration to Dynamically Balanced Integrated Co-existence: Non-aging as the Third Stage of Development

Lev Salnikov  1 , Mamuka G Baramiya  2
Affiliations

From Autonomy to Integration, From Integration to Dynamically Balanced Integrated Co-existence: Non-aging as the Third Stage of Development

Lev Salnikov et al. Front Aging. .

Abstract

Reversible senescence at the cellular level emerged together with tissue specialization in Metazoans. However, this reversibility (ability to permanently rejuvenate) through recapitulation of early stages of development, was originally a part of ontogenesis, since the pressure of integrativeness was not dominant. The complication of specialization in phylogenesis narrowed this "freedom of maneuver", gradually "truncating" remorphogenesis to local epimorphosis and further up to the complete disappearance of remorphogenesis from the ontogenesis repertoire. This evolutionary trend transformed cellular senescence into organismal aging and any recapitulation of autonomy into carcinogenesis. The crown of specialization, Homo sapiens, completed this post-unicellular stage of development, while in the genome all the potential for the next stage of development, which can be called the stage of balanced coexistence of autonomous and integrative dominants within a single whole. Here, completing the substantiation of the new section of developmental biology, we propose to call it Developmental Biogerontology.

Keywords: aging; carcinogenesis; epigenetic; immunological tolerance; multicellularity; reontogenesis; senescence.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

LS was employed by the company SibEnzyme US LLC. MGB was employed by AntiCancer Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Abnave P., Ghigo E. (2019). Role of the immune system in regeneration and its dynamic interplay with adult stem cells. Semin. Cell Develop. Biol. 87, 160–168. 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.002 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ali N., Zirak B., Rodriguez R. S., Pauli M. L., Truong H. A., Lai K., et al. (2017). Regulatory T cells in skin facilitate epithelial stem cell differentiation. Cell 169 (6), 1119–1129. 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.002 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Alibardi L. (2020). Appendage regeneration in anamniotes utilizes genes active during larval-metamorphic stages that have been lost or altered in amniotes: the case for studying lizard tail regeneration. J. Morphol. 281 (11), 1358–1381. 10.1002/jmor.21251 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Amiot L., Ferrone S., Grosse-Wilde H., Seliger B. (2011). Biology of HLA-G in cancer: a candidate molecule for therapeutic intervention? Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68 (3), 417–431. 10.1007/s00018-010-0583-4 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Artis D., Spits H. (2015). The biology of innate lymphoid cells. Nature 517 (7534), 293–301. 10.1038/nature14189 - DOI - PubMed