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. 2022 Jul 13;12(1):11966.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16278-0.

Intertwined-pulse modulation for compressive data telemetry

Sirous Farsiani  1 , Amir M Sodagar  2
Affiliations

Intertwined-pulse modulation for compressive data telemetry

Sirous Farsiani et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

This paper presents a novel approach for anisochronous pulse-based modulation. In the proposed approach, referred to as the intertwined-pulse modulation (IPM), every pair of consecutive symbols overlap in time. This allows for shortening the time allocated for the transmission of the symbols, hence achieving temporal compaction while the data goes through the line encoding step in a digital communication system. The IPM is also uniquely superior to other existing anisochronous pulse-based modulation schemes in the fact that it exhibits robust symbol error rate against unwanted variations in both rise/fall times of the pulses in the modulated waveform, and in the threshold level used for data detection on the receiver side. An experimental setup was developed to implement an IPM encoder using standard digital hardware, and an IPM decoder as a part of the receiver system in software. According to the experimental results (supported by simulation results and theoretical studies), for the data mean value of mid-full-scale range, the proposed IPM scheme exhibits a time-domain compaction rate of up to 209.2%.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Illustration of the proposed compressive telemetry scheme in comparison with other pulse-time modulation schemes. (a) Pulse-width modulation, (b) Pulse Interval and width modulation, (c) Intertwined-pulse modulation (the proposed scheme).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The symbol overlap coefficient, OCSmb, when one of the data words equals A and the other one spans the range of 0 to FS.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Contribution of the length of early and late symbols to symbol overlap and symbol length in IPM coding. (a) Symbol overlap coefficient for all possible combinations of two data samples, (b) the contour graph (values on the graph represents the corresponding OCSmb on each line) for the 3D plot in part a, (c) normalized effective symbol length of IPM-coded signal for all possible combinations of two data samples, and (d) the contour graph (values on the graph represents the corresponding Leff on each line) for the 3D plot in part.
Figure 4
Figure 4
TDCR-OC loci for signals with different expected values (for MG = 0.1FS).
Figure 5
Figure 5
An intra-cortically recorded neural signal as an example of the type of signals, for which the IPM scheme exhibits high compaction efficiency. (a) The signal in the time domain, (b) signal histogram, and (c) density plot of binary combination of this data.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Symbol-error rate for IPM, PIWM and PIM (symbol rate = 5 MS/s , Tr = Tf = 4 ns).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Illustration of the superiority of the IPM scheme to other anisotropic modulation schemes in terms of resilience against systematic imperfections in pulse widths and upon pulse-width measurement. (a) Non-equal rise/fall times cause pulse-width error in regular anisotropic modulation schemes (e.g., PIM and PIWM). (b) In the proposed scheme (IPM) pulse-width is not affected by the difference between rise and fall times. (c) Contribution of the detection threshold level to symbol error in regular anisotropic modulation schemes. (d) Robustness of the proposed scheme (IPM) against threshold level deviations.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Experimental verification and characterization of the key properties of the IPM scheme and comparison with other anisochronous schemes. (a) oscilloscope screen shot showing an IPM-encoded waveform, (b) aligned rising and falling edges for 3000 IPM pulses on the receiver side of the experimental setup as well as the associated pulse-width error histogram, (c) the TDCR-OC plot for the IPM scheme in the case of sinewaves (with oversampling ratios ranging from 2 to 10), random data with uniform and Gaussian distributions (for the Gaussian case, standard deviations of 5%, 10%, and 15% of the full-scale amplitude), and three different intra-cortical neural signals. It should be noted that all the same signals were encoded on the same setup with PIM and PIWM approaches, the results of which are exactly on the same spots designated using triangular symbols, (d) effect of rise time variation on the width error for IPM and PIWM pulses (fall time is fixed and equal to 4 ns), and (e) effect of threshold voltage variation on width error for IPM and PIWM pulses.
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